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SPQR or S.P.Q.R., an initialism for Senatus Populusque Romanus (Classical Latin: [sɛˈnaːtʊs pɔpʊˈɫʊskʷɛ roːˈmaːnʊs]; transl. "The Senate and People of Rome" ), is an emblematic phrase referring to the government of the Roman Republic .
Since the Middle Ages the city of Rome used a red-violet banner with a yellow (golden) Greek cross near the top right corner, and to its right, the yellow (golden) letters SPQR (an abbreviation for Senatus Populusque Romanus, which translates from Latin to The Roman Senate and People), placed diagonally across the banner, from the top left to the bottom right corner.
For example, the reverse of a tetradrachm of Vespasian from Alexandria, 70-71 AD, shows Eirene standing holding a branch upward in her right hand. The Roman poet Virgil (70–19 BC) associated "the plump olive" [ 9 ] with the goddess Pax (the Roman Eirene [ 6 ] ) and he used the olive branch as a symbol of peace in his Aeneid : [ 10 ]
SPQR series, a collection of detective stories set in the time of the Roman Republic; SPQR: The Empire's Darkest Hour, a computer adventure game set in Ancient Rome; SPQR, a board wargame; Steve Perrin's Quest Rules, a generic role-playing game system; SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome, a 2015 book by Mary Beard
A map of the Rubicon (dark blue), believed to be the same river crossed by Caesar. During the late Roman Republic, the river Rubicon marked the boundary between the Roman province of Cisalpine Gaul to the northeast and areas controlled directly by Rome and its allies to the south.
Many Christian processional banners are in the vexillum form; usually these banners are termed labara (Greek: λάβαρον) after the standard adopted by the first Christian Roman emperor Constantine I replaced the usual spear point with the "Chi-Rho" symbol ☧. For example, a vexillum is used by the Legion of Mary as the term for its ...
SPQR rules are based on those Perrin created for the role-playing game RuneQuest, a game which was first published in 1978 by Chaosium and set in Greg Stafford's fantasy world, Glorantha. Stafford and Lynn Willis simplified the rules in order to publish a generic role-playing game system called Basic Role-Playing (BRP).
SPQR appeared on the New York Times hardcover, non-fiction bestseller list in December 2015. [ 5 ] It was a finalist for the 2015 National Book Critics Circle Award (Nonfiction).