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Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH), also called malresorptive hydrocephalus, is a form of communicating hydrocephalus in which excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) builds up in the ventricles, leading to normal or slightly elevated cerebrospinal fluid pressure.
Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) most often occurs in elderly patients with symptoms including gait disturbance, urinary incontinence, and cognitive issues. [32] It is commonly divided into two categories, idiopathic NPH (with unknown cause) and secondary NPH (due to trauma, hemorrhage, etc.).
The area affected in Parinaud's syndrome is indicated by the striped region. Parinaud's syndrome results from injury, either direct or compressive, to the dorsal midbrain . Specifically, compression or ischemic damage of the mesencephalic tectum, including the superior colliculus adjacent oculomotor (origin of cranial nerve III) and Edinger ...
NPH insulin, an intermediate-acting insulin; National Pediatric Hospital, Cambodia, a government-run pediatric hospital in Phnom Penh; Normal pressure hydrocephalus, a condition of excessive fluid in the brain
Eye movement is influenced by an extensive network of brain regions that converges on a midbrain area called the superior colliculus (SC). The SC is a layered structure whose layers form two-dimensional retinotopic maps of visual space. A "bump" of neural activity in the deep layers of the SC drives an eye movement directed toward the ...
CT and MRI are most commonly used to observe the brain for cerebral atrophy. A CT scan takes cross sectional images of the brain using X-rays , while an MRI uses a magnetic field. With both measures, multiple images can be compared to see if there is a loss in brain volume over time.
The visual system is organized hierarchically, with anatomical areas that have specialized functions in visual processing. Low-level visual processing is concerned with determining different types of contrast among images projected onto the retina whereas high-level visual processing refers to the cognitive processes that integrate information from a variety of sources into the visual ...
These areas receive input from the sensory areas and lower parts of the brain and are involved in the complex cognitive processes of perception, thought, and decision-making. [24] The main functions of the frontal lobe are to control attention , abstract thinking, behaviour, problem-solving tasks, and physical reactions and personality.