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[S 37] In 2016, researchers Lauren Brubaker and Monique A.R. Udell noted that studies on rat cognition outnumber those on horse cognition by a factor of seven. [S 38] The question of whether horses possess consciousness remains unresolved. [S 33] In 2023, Éditions Quæ published the first book dedicated to the intelligence of working horses.
Engraving depicting the Marocco horse.. Most medieval technical literature consists of treatises on hippiatry, or veterinary care manuals. [S 11] Arab-Muslim civilization made a major contribution to knowledge of hippiatry, equine education, [5] and training, notably thanks to the translator Ibn Akhî Hizâm, who wrote around 895, [6] and Ibn al-Awam, who advocated the rejection of violence ...
Clever Hans performing in 1904. Clever Hans (German: der Kluge Hans; c. 1895 – c. 1916) was a horse that appeared to perform arithmetic and other intellectual tasks.. In 1907, psychologist Oskar Pfungst demonstrated that the horse was not actually performing these mental tasks, but was watching the reactions of his trai
Oskar Pfungst (21 April 1874 – 14 August 1932) was a German comparative biologist and psychologist. While working as a volunteer assistant in the laboratory of Carl Stumpf in Berlin, Pfungst was asked to investigate the horse known as Clever Hans, who could apparently solve a wide array of arithmetic problems set to it by its owner.
Morrell authored Animal Wise: The Thoughts and Emotions of Our Fellow Creatures, which was named by Kirkus Reviews as one of the Best Books of 2013 on Nature and the Environment. [9] [10] The book documents research on animal cognition that reveals the mental and emotional lives of animals including ants, dogs, elephants, fish and parrots.
Christopher Michael Langan (born March 25, 1952) is an American horse rancher and former bar bouncer, known for scoring highly on an IQ test that gained him entry to a high IQ society, and for being formerly listed in the Guinness Book of Records high IQ section under the pseudonym of Eric Hart, alongside Marilyn vos Savant and Keith Raniere.
Encephalization quotient (EQ), encephalization level (EL), or just encephalization is a relative brain size measure that is defined as the ratio between observed and predicted brain mass for an animal of a given size, based on nonlinear regression on a range of reference species.
Heuer's book Structured Analytic Techniques for Intelligence Analysis, published in 2010 (second edition 2015) and co-authored with Randy H. Pherson, provides a comprehensive taxonomy of structured analytic techniques (SATs) pertaining to eight categories: decomposition and visualization, idea generation, scenarios and indicators, hypothesis generation and testing, cause and effect, challenge ...