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Imports of opium into China stood at 200 chests annually in 1729, [1] when the first anti-opium edict was promulgated. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] By the time Chinese authorities reissued the prohibition in starker terms in 1799, [ 4 ] the figure had leaped; 4,500 chests were imported in the year 1800. [ 1 ]
Planting and selling opium was a tradition in rural China since the Opium Wars, despite continuous government efforts to ban it. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The CCP records note that both Japanese and Nationalists built a system of massive selling and buying opium, which drove the Communists to take the same approach of collecting and selling opium, while ...
Britain and France now sought greater concessions from China, including the legalization of the opium trade, expanding of the transportation of coolies to European colonies, opening all of China to British and French citizens and exempting foreign imports from internal transit duties. [23]
A model of the destruction of opium at Humen. Displayed at the Hong Kong Museum of History. Commissioner Lin and the destruction of opium at Humen, June 1839. The destruction of opium at Humen began on 3 June 1839, lasted for 23 days, and involved the destruction of 1,000 long tons (1,016 t) of illegal opium seized from British traders under the aegis of Lin Zexu, an Imperial Commissioner of ...
In 'Smoke and Ashes,' Amitav Ghosh draws comparisons between America's modern opioid crisis and the West's flooding of China with opium in the 18th century.
However, opium imports were banned in China as reaffirmed by a 1796 edict issued by the Jiaqing Emperor [10] and the only way that the drug could enter the country was if it was smuggled in. At the time, opium was legal and considered relatively safe in the West. [11]
The decline of Russell & Company was led by a transformation in Chinese trade. The Second Opium War and the Tianjin Treaties in particular shifted more autonomy toward Western countries within regard to the extent of their dealings within China. Opium importation was eventually illegalized [20] and more ports were established. Government ...
The Opium War: Drugs, Dreams and the Making of Modern China. London: Picador. ISBN 9780330537858. Madancy, Joyce A. (2003). The Troublesome Legacy of Commissioner Lin: The Opium Trade and Opium Suppression in Fujian Province, 1820s to 1920s. Harvard University Asia Center. ISBN 9780674012158. Spence, Jonathan D. (1999). The Search for Modern ...