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Listwise deletion is also problematic when the reason for missing data may not be random (i.e., questions in questionnaires aiming to extract sensitive information. [3] Due to the method, much of the subjects' data will be excluded from analysis, leaving a bias in data findings. For instance, a questionnaire may include questions about ...
Data cleansing or data cleaning is the process of identifying and correcting (or removing) corrupt, inaccurate, or irrelevant records from a dataset, table, or database. It involves detecting incomplete, incorrect, or inaccurate parts of the data and then replacing, modifying, or deleting the affected data. [ 1 ]
The process of data exploration may result in additional data cleaning or additional requests for data; thus, the initialization of the iterative phases mentioned in the lead paragraph of this section. [31] Descriptive statistics, such as, the average or median, can be generated to aid in understanding the data.
Data cleansing; Data clustering; Data collection; Data Desk – software; Data dredging; Data fusion; Data generating process; Data mining; Data reduction; Data point; Data quality assurance; Data set; Data-snooping bias; Data stream clustering; Data transformation (statistics) Data visualization; DataDetective – software; Dataplot ...
Data reduction is the transformation of numerical or alphabetical digital information derived empirically or experimentally into a corrected, ordered, and simplified form. . The purpose of data reduction can be two-fold: reduce the number of data records by eliminating invalid data or produce summary data and statistics at different aggregation levels for various applications
A once-common method of imputation was hot-deck imputation where a missing value was imputed from a randomly selected similar record. The term "hot deck" dates back to the storage of data on punched cards, and indicates that the information donors come from the same dataset as the recipients.
Note that winsorizing is not equivalent to simply excluding data, which is a simpler procedure, called trimming or truncation, but is a method of censoring data.. In a trimmed estimator, the extreme values are discarded; in a winsorized estimator, the extreme values are instead replaced by certain percentiles (the trimmed minimum and maximum).
SPSS Statistics is a statistical software suite developed by IBM for data management, advanced analytics, multivariate analysis, business intelligence, and criminal investigation. Long produced by SPSS Inc. , it was acquired by IBM in 2009.