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Since most education systems only have one advanced research qualification granting doctoral degrees or equivalent qualifications (ISCED 2011, [146] par.270), the degree of Candidate of Sciences (Kandidat Nauk) of the former USSR countries is usually considered to be at the same level as the doctorate or PhD degrees of those countries. [147] [148]
The first research doctorate was the doctor of philosophy, which came to the U.S. from Germany, and is frequently referred to by its initials of Ph.D. As academia evolved in the country a wide variety of other types of doctoral degrees and programs were developed.
Doctoral candidates can apply for a three-year fellowship. The most well known is the Contrat Doctoral (4,000 granted every year with a gross salary of 1758 euros per month as of September 2016). Since 2002 candidates follow in-service training, but there is no written examination for the doctorate.
An academic doctorate such as the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) is a terminal degree for expanding human knowledge through research and dissertation defense. A professional doctorate is a terminal degree for licensure in an occupation, such as the Doctor of Medicine (MD), Juris Doctor (JD), and Doctor of Engineering (EngD). [6]
Doctoral degrees or doctorates, [115] such as the Doctor of Philosophy degree (PhD or DPhil) or Doctor of Education (EdD or DEd), are awarded following a programme of original research that contributes new knowledge within the context of the student's discipline. Doctoral degrees usually take three years full-time.
Former Vassar College president Catharine Bond Hill wearing doctoral robes. She has a doctorate and can carry the title of "Doctor". Doctor is an academic title that originates from the Latin word of the same spelling and meaning. [1] The word is originally an agentive noun of the Latin verb docēre [dɔˈkeːrɛ] 'to teach'.
The primary benefit of PhD candidacy is that completion of the doctorate is nominally imminent so long as the student completes the final defense. This is, of course, not a given because a written dissertation and an oral defense of the student's work are typically not treated lightly by the faculty.
A Doctor of Engineering degree awarded by universities in East Asian universities is equivalent to a PhD degree. To be admitted as a doctoral student, one must hold a master's degree in the same or related subject and pass a comprehensive entrance exam.