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The molar gas constant (also known as the gas constant, universal gas constant, or ideal gas constant) is denoted by the symbol R or R. It is the molar equivalent to the Boltzmann constant, expressed in units of energy per temperature increment per amount of substance, rather than energy per temperature increment per particle.
Isotherms of an ideal gas for different temperatures. The curved lines are rectangular hyperbolae of the form y = a/x. They represent the relationship between pressure (on the vertical axis) and volume (on the horizontal axis) for an ideal gas at different temperatures: lines that are farther away from the origin (that is, lines that are nearer to the top right-hand corner of the diagram ...
The laws of thermodynamics imply the following relations between these two heat capacities (Gaskell 2003:23): Here is the thermal expansion coefficient: is the isothermal compressibility (the inverse of the bulk modulus): and is the isentropic compressibility: A corresponding expression for the difference in specific heat capacities (intensive ...
Arrhenius originally considered A to be a temperature-independent constant for each chemical reaction. [6] However more recent treatments include some temperature dependence – see § Modified Arrhenius equation below. E a is the molar activation energy for the reaction, R is the universal gas constant. [1] [2] [4]
1.365. In thermal physics and thermodynamics, the heat capacity ratio, also known as the adiabatic index, the ratio of specific heats, or Laplace's coefficient, is the ratio of the heat capacity at constant pressure (CP) to heat capacity at constant volume (CV). It is sometimes also known as the isentropic expansion factor and is denoted by γ ...
The Van 't Hoff equation relates the change in the equilibrium constant, Keq, of a chemical reaction to the change in temperature, T, given the standard enthalpy change, ΔrH⊖, for the process. The subscript means "reaction" and the superscript means "standard". It was proposed by Dutch chemist Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff in 1884 in his book ...
p is the gas pressure; R is the gas constant, T is temperature, V m is the molar volume (V/n), a is a constant that corrects for attractive potential of molecules, and; b is a constant that corrects for volume. The constants are different depending on which gas is being analyzed. The constants can be calculated from the critical point data of ...
Equation of state. In physics and chemistry, an equation of state is a thermodynamic equation relating state variables, which describe the state of matter under a given set of physical conditions, such as pressure, volume, temperature, or internal energy. [1] Most modern equations of state are formulated in the Helmholtz free energy.