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The digit sum - add the digits of the representation of a number in a given base. For example, considering 84001 in base 10 the digit sum would be 8 + 4 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 13. The digital root - repeatedly apply the digit sum operation to the representation of a number in a given base until the outcome is a single digit. For example, considering ...
That is, the digital sum is the same as the normal sum except that no carrying is used. For example, in decimal (base 10) arithmetic, the digital sum of 123 and 789 is 802: 3 + 9 = 12, discard the 10 leaving 2. 2 + 8 = 10, discard the 10 leaving 0. 1 + 7 = 8, there is no carry to discard. 123 789 --- 802
A full adder can be viewed as a 3:2 lossy compressor: it sums three one-bit inputs and returns the result as a single two-bit number; that is, it maps 8 input values to 4 output values. (the term "compressor" instead of "counter" was introduced in [ 13 ] )Thus, for example, a binary input of 101 results in an output of 1 + 0 + 1 = 10 (decimal ...
A carry-save adder [1] [2] [nb 1] is a type of digital adder, used to efficiently compute the sum of three or more binary numbers. It differs from other digital adders in that it outputs two (or more) numbers, and the answer of the original summation can be achieved by adding these outputs together.
The additive persistence counts how many times we must sum its digits to arrive at its digital root. For example, the additive persistence of 2718 in base 10 is 2: first we find that 2 + 7 + 1 + 8 = 18, then that 1 + 8 = 9. There is no limit to the additive persistence of a number in a number base .
The decimal digital root of any non-zero integer will be a number in the range 1 to 9, whereas the digit sum can take any value. Digit sums and digital roots can be used for quick divisibility tests : a natural number is divisible by 3 or 9 if and only if its digit sum (or digital root) is divisible by 3 or 9, respectively.
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Figure 2: 4-bit linear R–2R DAC using unequal resistors. It is not necessary that each "rung" of the R–2R ladder use the same resistor values. It is only necessary that the "2R" value matches the sum of the "R" value plus the Thévenin-equivalent resistance of the lower-significance rungs. Figure 2 shows a linear 4-bit DAC with unequal ...