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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-delimited particles that are naturally released from almost all types of cells but, unlike a cell, cannot replicate. EVs range in diameter from near the size of the smallest physically possible unilamellar liposome (around 20-30 nanometers) to as large as 10 microns or more, although the vast majority of EVs are smaller than 200 nm.
Exosomes, ranging in size from 30 to 150 nanometers, [1] are membrane-bound extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are produced in the endosomal compartment of most eukaryotic cells. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] In multicellular organisms , exosomes and other EVs are found in biological fluids including saliva , blood , urine and cerebrospinal fluid . [ 5 ]
Microvesicles (ectosomes, or microparticles) are a type of extracellular vesicle (EV) that are released from the cell membrane. [1] In multicellular organisms, microvesicles and other EVs are found both in tissues (in the interstitial space between cells) and in many types of body fluids. [ 2 ]
Matrix vesicles are located within the extracellular space, or matrix. Using electron microscopy, they were discovered independently in 1967 by H. Clarke Anderson [20] and Ermanno Bonucci. [21] These cell-derived vesicles are specialized to initiate biomineralisation of the matrix in a variety of tissues, including bone, cartilage and dentin.
Microparticles can be released as extracellular microvesicles from red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, or endothelial cells. These biological microparticles are thought to be shed from the plasma membrane of the cell as lipid bilayer-bound entities that are typically larger than 100 nm in diameter.
The International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) is an international scientific organization that focuses on advancing global extracellular vesicle (EV) research. [1] These membrane-bound particles are released from all known cells and include exosomes , ectosomes , exophers, oncosomes, and more.
The Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, JEV, is a peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV). As one of two official journals of ISEV, the other being the Journal of Extracellular Biology, JEV covers research on lipid bilayer-delimited particles known as extracellular vesicles (EVs).
Transient vesicle fusion is driven by SNARE proteins, resulting in release of vesicle contents into the extracellular space (or in case of neurons in the synaptic cleft). The merging of the donor and the acceptor membranes accomplishes three tasks: The surface of the plasma membrane increases (by the surface of the fused vesicle).