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Bishop Eusebius of Caesarea (c. 275–339) was the first to write explicitly that Paul was beheaded and Peter crucified in Rome during the reign of Nero. [167] He states that Nero's persecution led to Peter and Paul's deaths, but that Nero did not give any specific orders.
Some church historians consider Peter and Paul to have been martyred under the reign of Nero, [169] [170] around AD 65 after the Great Fire of Rome. [note 9] [171] [172] Currently, most Catholic scholars, [173] and many scholars in general, [174] hold the view that Peter was martyred in Rome under Nero. [note 10]
Claudius died in 54 AD. There were early Christians in Rome within a dozen or so years after the death of Jesus, though they were not the converts of Paul. He had not yet visited them at the time he wrote his Epistle to the Romans in 57-58 AD. Paul wrote to a community of both Jews and Gentiles. [2] "Christian Dirce", Henryk Siemiradzki, 1897
A. N. Sherwin-White records that serious discussion of the reasons for Roman persecution of Christians began in 1890 when it produced "20 years of controversy" and three main opinions: first, there was the theory held by most French and Belgian scholars that "there was a general enactment, precisely formulated and valid for the whole empire, which forbade the practice of the Christian religion.
Nero watched from his palace on the Palatine Hill, singing and playing the lyre. [25] Nero openly sent out men to set fire to the city. Nero watched from the Tower of Maecenas on the Esquiline Hill while singing. [26] Nero sent out men to set fire to the city. There were unconfirmed rumors that Nero sang from a private stage during the fire. [27]
Nero persecuted Roman Christians after Rome burned in 64, and the congregation may have suffered further persecution under Domitian (81–96). Clement was the first of early Rome's most notable bishops. [28] The Liber Pontificalis, which documents the reigns of popes, states that Clement had known Peter.
The Cross of Saint Peter, also known as the Petrine Cross, is an inverted Latin cross traditionally used as a Christian symbol, associated with the martyrdom of Saint Peter. In recent times, it has also been used as an anti-Christian and Satanic symbol.
Church father Tertullian wrote: "We read the lives of the Cæsars: At Rome Nero was the first who stained with blood the rising faith" [17] Mary Ellen Snodgrass notes that Tertullian in this passage "used Suetonius as a source by quoting Lives of the Caesars as proof that Nero was the first Roman emperor to murder Christians", but cites not a specific passage in Suetonius's Lives as Tertullian ...