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For some materials and products that are sensitive to oxidative effects, radiation tolerance levels for electron-beam irradiation may be slightly higher than for gamma exposure. This is due to the higher dose rates and shorter exposure times of e-beam irradiation, which have been shown to reduce the degradative effects of oxygen.
Electron-beam machining is a process in which high-velocity electrons are concentrated into a narrow beam with a very high planar power density. The beam cross-section is then focused and directed toward the work piece, creating heat and vaporizing the material. Electron-beam machining can be used to accurately cut or bore a wide variety of metals.
According to the electron collision cascade model the secondary electrons induce a radiation effect in the material, similar to a spatially-confined electron irradiation. [32] The electron collision cascade model is particularly suited for polymers. According to the thermal spike model, the electron collision cascade is responsible for the ...
Ionizing radiation (electron beams, X-rays and gamma rays) [3] may be used to kill bacteria in food or other organic material, including blood. [citation needed] Food irradiation, while effective, is seldom used due to problems with public acceptance. [4]
To process materials, either a gamma source or an electron beam can be used. The international type IV ( wet storage ) irradiator is a common design, of which the JS6300 and JS6500 gamma sterilizers (made by 'Nordion International' [2] , which used to trade as 'Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd') are typical examples. [ 25 ]
The gray is used to measure absorbed dose rates in non-tissue materials for processes such as radiation hardening, food irradiation and electron irradiation. Measuring and controlling the value of absorbed dose is vital to ensuring correct operation of these processes.
Radiotherapy beams are classified by the particle they are intended to deliver, such as photons (as x-rays or gamma rays), electrons, and heavy ions; x-rays and electron beams are by far the most widely used sources for external beam radiotherapy. Orthovoltage ("superficial") X-rays are used for treating skin cancer and superficial structures.
Irradiation of polyimide resists have potential to be used as templates for nanowire growth. [10] Tracks can also be used to sputter materials. [11] [12] They can also be used to elongate nanocrystals embedded in materials. [13] [14] [15] SHI irradiation can also be used for structural modification of nanomaterials. [16] [17]