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Protothecosis, otherwise known as Algaemia, is a disease found in dogs, cats, cattle, and humans caused by a type of green alga known as Prototheca that lacks chlorophyll and enters the human or animal bloodstream. It and its close relative Helicosporidium are unusual in that they are actually green algae that have become parasites. [1]
Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) bloom on Lake Erie (United States) in 2009. These kinds of algae can cause harmful algal bloom. A harmful algal bloom (HAB), or excessive algae growth, is an algal bloom that causes negative impacts to other organisms by production of natural algae-produced toxins, water deoxygenation, mechanical damage to other organisms, or by other means.
In marine environments, HABs are mostly caused by dinoflagellates, [31] though species of other algae taxa can also cause HABs (diatoms, flagellates, haptophytes and raphidophytes). [32] Marine dinoflagellate species are often toxic, but freshwater species are not known to be toxic. Neither are diatoms known to be toxic, at least to humans. [33]
Prototheca and Chlorella, which is extremely rare, are the only two known algae genera capable of inflicting disease on mammals, including humans, through invasion of host tissue. [1] The majority of cases are observed in dairy cattle as a cause of bovine mastitis as well as other domesticated animals.
Some species in the genus Prototheca are known to cause protothecosis, one of the few researched diseases caused by algae, which are categorized as Algaemia. P. wickerhamii is the main causing agent of protothecosis in humans, and was first identified as such in 1964.
Often, leaf spot caused by Cephaleuros virescens is not damaging enough to the host plant's vigor or crop yield and therefore generally does not warrant management. If however the crop is highly susceptible, a form of integrated pest management can be used to prevent the spread and infection of the disease. This includes sanitation and pruning ...
Waterborne diseases were once wrongly explained by the miasma theory, the theory that bad air causes the spread of diseases. [27] [28] However, people started to find a correlation between water quality and waterborne diseases, which led to different water purification methods, such as sand filtering and chlorinating their drinking water.
The algae can penetrate the epidermis, although spores more readily spread through wounds. It proceeds to invade the cortical tissue in the stem. [1] In leaves, the rust causes chlorosis and variegation, which might be surrounded by anthocyanescence. [7] One sign of an infection is red-orange filamentous growth emerging on wounds in humid ...