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Spinosad is relatively nonpolar and not easily dissolved in water. [6] Spinosad is a novel mode-of-action insecticide derived from a family of natural products obtained by fermentation of S. spinosa. Spinosyns occur in over 20 natural forms, and over 200 synthetic forms (spinosoids) have been produced in the lab. [7]
The metabolism of bees and humans is sufficiently different that bees can safely collect nectars from plants that contain compounds toxic to humans. The honey produced by bees from these toxic nectars can be poisonous if consumed by humans. In addition, natural processes can introduce toxic substances into honey produced from nontoxic nectar.
Chemical structure of Allethrin isomers Chemical structure of Permethrin isomers. A pyrethroid is an organic compound similar to the natural pyrethrins, which are produced by the flowers of pyrethrums (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium and C. coccineum).
Among others, Spinosad is widely documented to be highly toxic to honeybees. This article maks no mention of this fact, and instead states that is is not harmful to beneficial insects. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Wiltonj (talk • contribs) 19:20, 18 March 2008 (UTC) Thank you for your suggestion.
The risk of killing bees and other beneficial insects is partially reduced by the compound's rapid breakdown (a half-life of approximately 12 hours on plants and on the surface of the soil, with about 3% remaining after five days, but persisting several weeks or more if it enters a body of water or is dug into the soil) and its slight insect ...
Imidacloprid is more toxic to bees than the organophosphate dimethoate (oral LD 50 152 ng/bee) or the pyrethroid cypermethrin (oral LD 50 160 ng/bee). [34] The toxicity of imidacloprid to bees differs from most insecticides in that it is more toxic orally than by contact. The contact acute LD 50 is 0.024 μg active ingredient per bee. [35]
Many species of bee and wasp that occur together are Müllerian mimics. Their similar coloration teaches predators that a striped pattern is associated with being stung. Therefore, a predator which has had a negative experience with any such species will likely avoid any that resemble it in the future.
The World Health Organization estimates that 300,000 people die from self-harm each year in the Asia-Pacific region alone. [9] Most cases of intentional pesticide poisoning appear to be impulsive acts undertaken during stressful events, and the availability of pesticides strongly influences the incidence of self poisoning.