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EMR1 expression in human is restricted to eosinophils and is a specific marker for these cells. [14] The murine homolog of EMR1, F4/80, is a well-known and widely used marker of murine macrophage populations.
They can be identified using flow cytometry or immunohistochemical staining by their specific expression of proteins such as CD14, CD40, CD11b, CD64, F4/80 (mice)/EMR1 (human), lysozyme M, MAC-1/MAC-3 and CD68. [9] Macrophages were first discovered and named by Élie Metchnikoff, a Russian Empire zoologist, in 1884. [10] [11]
The islet resident macrophage was first identified in 1979 as an antigen-presenting cell (APC), [9] which expresses major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs). Later in 1984 this APC was further classified by using a macrophage specific marker F4/80. [10]
In adipose tissue, distinction between M1 and M2 macrophage polarization can be monitored by assessing the expression of selected markers. Macrophages displaying M1 phenotype have been characterized by expression of F4/80, CD11c and iNOS whereas macrophages displaying M2 phenotype have been characterized by expression of F4/80, CD301 and Arg1. [10]
CD163 (Cluster of Differentiation 163) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD163 gene. [5] CD163 is the high affinity scavenger receptor for the hemoglobin-haptoglobin complex [6] and in the absence of haptoglobin - with lower affinity - for hemoglobin alone. [7]
Macrophage polarization is a process by which macrophages adopt different functional programs in response to the signals from their microenvironment. This ability is connected to their multiple roles in the organism: they are powerful effector cells of the innate immune system, but also important in removal of cellular debris, embryonic development and tissue repair.
Regulatory macrophages (Mregs) represent a subset of anti-inflammatory macrophages. In general, macrophages are a very dynamic and plastic cell type and can be divided into two main groups: classically activated macrophages (M1) and alternatively activated macrophages (M2). [1] M2 group can further be divided into sub-groups M2a, M2b, M2c, and ...
Macrophage-1 antigen (or integrin α M β 2 or macrophage integrin or Mac-1) is a complement receptor ("CR3") consisting of CD11b (integrin α M) and CD18 (integrin β 2). [1] The integrin α chain is noncovalently bound to the integrin β chain. It binds to iC3b and can be involved in cellular adhesion, binding to the intercellular adhesion ...