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Thermolysis converts 1 to (E,E) geometric isomer 2, but 3 to (E,Z) isomer 4.. The Woodward–Hoffmann rules (or the pericyclic selection rules) [1] are a set of rules devised by Robert Burns Woodward and Roald Hoffmann to rationalize or predict certain aspects of the stereochemistry and activation energy of pericyclic reactions, an important class of reactions in organic chemistry.
The 1969–1970 Woodward–Hoffmann general formulation is seen to be equivalent to the Zimmerman Möbius–Hückel concept. Thus each (4r) a component provides one plus–minus overlap in the cyclic array (i.e. an odd number) for 4n electrons. The (4q + 2) s component just makes certain that the number of electrons in symmetric bonds is 4n + 2.
The Nazarov cyclization reaction is a named electrocyclic reaction converting divinylketones to cyclopentenones. A classic example is the thermal ring-opening reaction of 3,4-dimethylcyclobutene. The cis isomer exclusively yields cis,trans-hexa-2,4-diene whereas the trans isomer gives the trans,trans diene: [2]
Since the substrate octatriene is a "4n + 2" molecule, the Woodward–Hoffmann rules predict that the reaction happens in a disrotatory mechanism. Since thermal electrocyclic reactions occur in the HOMO, it is first necessary to draw the appropriate molecular orbitals. Next, the new carbon-carbon bond is formed by taking two of the p-orbitals ...
The best-known example is benzene (C 6 H 6) with a conjugated system of six π electrons, which equals 4n + 2 for n = 1. The molecule undergoes substitution reactions which preserve the six π electron system rather than addition reactions which would destroy it. The stability of this π electron system is referred to as aromaticity. Still, in ...
An electrocyclic reaction is a pericyclic reaction involving the net loss of a pi bond and creation of a sigma bond with formation of a ring. This reaction proceeds through either a conrotatory or disrotatory mechanism. In the conrotatory ring opening of cyclobutene, there are two electrons moving suprafacially (on the pi bond) and two moving ...
Example of a pericycle reaction: the norcaradiene–cyclohexatriene rearrangement. In organic chemistry, a pericyclic reaction is the type of organic reaction wherein the transition state of the molecule has a cyclic geometry, the reaction progresses in a concerted fashion, and the bond orbitals involved in the reaction overlap in a continuous cycle at the transition state.
Arrow pushing or electron pushing is a technique used to describe the progression of organic chemistry reaction mechanisms. [1] It was first developed by Sir Robert Robinson.In using arrow pushing, "curved arrows" or "curly arrows" are drawn on the structural formulae of reactants in a chemical equation to show the reaction mechanism.