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The biological function of CD20 as well as its natural ligand is not fully elucidated. [6] [10] CD20 deletion in mice does not impair B-cell differentiation, isotype switch, maturation, proliferation or tissue localization. However, CD20−/− mice show decreased humoral immunity responses in both T-cell dependent and T-cell independent manner ...
Plotz and Oldstone presented evidence that autoimmunity can arise as a result of a cross-reaction between the idiotype on an antiviral antibody and a host cell receptor for the virus in question. In this case, the host-cell receptor is envisioned as an internal image of the virus, and the anti-idiotype antibodies can react with the host cells.
Many drugs to combat diabetes are aimed at modifying the function of the beta cell. Sulfonylureas are insulin secretagogues that act by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels, thereby causing insulin release. [31] [32] These drugs are known to cause hypoglycemia and can lead to beta-cell failure due to overstimulation. [2]
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease where the body attacks the beta-cells produced by the pancreas; therefore, causing the body to have insulin deficiency. [133] Type 1 diabetes is mainly diagnosed in children, and the number of diagnoses is increasing all around the world.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a type of metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia. It is caused by either defected insulin secretion or damaged biological function, or both. The high-level blood glucose for a long time will lead to dysfunction of a variety of tissues. [1]
[29] [30] [31] In clinical trials, injections with GAD 65 have been shown to preserve some insulin production for 30 months in humans with type 1 diabetes. [32] [33] A Cochrane systematic review also examined 1 study showing improvement of C-peptide levels in cases of Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in adults, 5 years following treatment with GAD 65 ...
Each antibody binds to a specific antigen in a highly specific interaction analogous to a lock and key.. An antibody (Ab) or immunoglobulin (Ig) is a large, Y-shaped protein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily which is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize antigens such as bacteria and viruses, including those that cause disease.
The insulin receptor (IR) is a transmembrane receptor that is activated by insulin, IGF-I, IGF-II and belongs to the large class of receptor tyrosine kinase. [5] Metabolically, the insulin receptor plays a key role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis; a functional process that under degenerate conditions may result in a range of clinical manifestations including diabetes and cancer.