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Carbon film resistors feature a power rating range of 0.125 W to 5 W at 70 °C. Resistances available range from 1 ohm to 10 megaohm. The carbon film resistor has an operating temperature range of −55 °C to 155 °C. It has 200 to 600 volts maximum working voltage range.
NTC thermistors are widely used as inrush-current limiters and temperature sensors, while PTC thermistors are used as self-resetting overcurrent protectors and self-regulating heating elements. An operational temperature range of a thermistor is dependent on the probe type and is typically between −100 and 300 °C (−148 and 572 °F).
For example, a 10 ohm resistor connected in parallel with a 5 ohm resistor and a 15 ohm resistor produces 1 / 1/10 + 1/5 + 1/15 ohms of resistance, or 30 / 11 = 2.727 ohms. A resistor network that is a combination of parallel and series connections can be broken up into smaller parts that are either one or the other.
For brevity, the notation omits to always specify the unit (ohm or farad) explicitly and instead relies on implicit knowledge raised from the usage of specific letters either only for resistors or for capacitors, [nb 1] the case used (uppercase letters are typically used for resistors, lowercase letters for capacitors), [nb 2] a part's appearance, and the context.
A reference designator unambiguously identifies the location of a component within an electrical schematic or on a printed circuit board.The reference designator usually consists of one or two letters followed by a number, e.g. C3, D1, R4, U15.
Simple application of Ohm's law says the current from (the thermal voltage noise of only ) through the combined resistance is = + =, so the power transferred from to is the square of this current multiplied by , which simplifies to: [6]
The Steinhart–Hart equation assumes is 1 ohm. The curve fit is much less accurate when it is assumed a 2 = 0 {\displaystyle a_{2}=0} and a different value of R 0 {\displaystyle R_{0}} such as 1 kΩ is used.
A common design uses an incandescent lamp or a thermistor in the feedback circuit. [15] [16] These oscillators exploit the resistance of a tungsten filament of the lamp increases in proportion to its temperature (a thermistor works in a similar fashion). The lamp both measures the output amplitude and controls the oscillator gain at the same time.