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The source–message–channel–receiver model is a linear transmission model of communication. It is also referred to as the sender–message–channel–receiver model, the SMCR model, and Berlo's model. It was first published by David Berlo in his 1960 book The Process of Communication.
Many models of communication include the idea that a sender encodes a message and uses a channel to transmit it to a receiver. Noise may distort the message along the way. The receiver then decodes the message and gives some form of feedback. [1] Models of communication simplify or represent the process of communication.
Who asks about the person formulating the message and what is about the content of the message. The channel is the way the message is conveyed from the sender to the receiver. Whom refers to the recipient of the message. This can either be an individual or a bigger audience, as in the case of mass communication.
Communication is usually understood as the transmission of information: [2] a message is conveyed from a sender to a receiver using some medium, such as sound, written signs, bodily movements, or electricity. [3] Sender and receiver are often distinct individuals but it is also possible for an individual to communicate with themselves.
[10] [16] Once the message reaches the receiver, the reverse process of decoding is applied: the receiver attaches meaning to the signs according to their own field of experience. This way, they try to reconstruct the sender's original idea. The process continues when the receiver returns a new message as feedback to the original sender. [1] [20]
Sender: Shannon calls this element the "transmitter", which "operates on the message in some way to produce a signal suitable for transmission over the channel." [11] In Aristotle, this element is the "speaker" (orator). [12] Channel: For Shannon, the channel is "merely the medium used to transmit the signal from transmitter to receiver." [11]
To send the signal, a channel is required. [2] [5] [10] [7] Channels are ways of transmitting signals, like light, sound waves, radio waves, and electrical wires. [10] The receiver performs the opposite function of the transmitter: it translates the signal back into a message and makes it available to the destination.
A source or sender is one of the basic concepts of communication and information processing. Sources are objects which encode message data and transmit the information , via a channel , to one or more observers (or receivers ).