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Transfusion-dependent anemia is a form of anemia characterized by the need for continuous blood transfusion. It is a condition that results from various diseases, and is associated with decreased survival rates. [1] [2] Regular transfusion is required to reduce the symptoms of anemia by increasing functional red blood cells and hemoglobin count.
Historically, red blood cell transfusion was considered when the hemoglobin level fell below 100g/L or hematocrit fell below 30%. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Because each unit of blood given carries risks, a trigger level lower than that, at 70 to 80g/L, is now usually used, as it has been shown to have better patient outcomes.
In adults, blood transfusion is typically recommended when hemoglobin levels are below 70 g/L (7 g/dL) in those who have stable vital signs, unless they have anemia due to a haematinic deficiency. Transfusing at a restrictive haemoglobin threshold of between 70 g/L to 80 g/L (7 to 8g/dL) decreased the proportion of people given a red blood cell ...
Prior to surgery in people with sickle cell anemia (HbSS) who already have a hemoglobin above 85g/L, or who require a prolonged operation with general anesthetic, or who need high-risk surgery [3] [4] [6] [7] To optimise hemoglobin S levels, for example to prevent a stroke occurring in a child.
Glycated hemoglobin testing is recommended for both checking the blood sugar control in people who might be prediabetic and monitoring blood sugar control in patients with more elevated levels, termed diabetes mellitus. For a single blood sample, it provides far more revealing information on glycemic behavior than a fasting blood sugar value.
In children and adults red blood cell transfusion to increase the hemoglobin level to 100 g/L has been shown to decrease the risk of sickle cell-related complications. [2] However, this has not been seen in all studies, and has only been demonstrated for African haplotypes of Hemoglobin SS. [12] [13]
ESAs are used to maintain hemoglobin at the lowest level that both minimizes transfusions and best meets a person's needs. [8] Medical speciality professional organizations do not recommend the use of ESAs in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) who have hemoglobin levels greater than 10 g/dL and do not have anemia symptoms.
A subject with a consistent fasting blood glucose range between 5.6–7 mmol/L (~100–126 mg/dL) (American Diabetes Association guidelines) is considered slightly hyperglycemic, and above 7 mmol/L (126 mg/dL) is generally held to have diabetes. For diabetics, glucose levels that are considered to be too hyperglycemic can vary from person to ...
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