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Arthur Stanley Eddington (1882–1944) In astrophysics, the Eddington number, N Edd, is the number of protons in the observable universe.Eddington originally calculated it as about 1.57 × 10 79; current estimates make it approximately 10 80.
According to the theory of cosmic inflation initially introduced by Alan Guth and D. Kazanas, [23] if it is assumed that inflation began about 10 −37 seconds after the Big Bang and that the pre-inflation size of the universe was approximately equal to the speed of light times its age, that would suggest that at present the entire universe's ...
The number of protons in the observable universe is called the Eddington number. In terms of number of particles, some estimates imply that nearly all the matter, excluding dark matter, occurs in neutrinos, which constitute the majority of the roughly 10 86 elementary particles of matter that exist in the visible universe. [12]
A proton is a stable subatomic particle, symbol p, H +, or 1 H + with a positive electric charge of +1 e (elementary charge).Its mass is slightly less than the mass of a neutron and approximately 1836 times the mass of an electron (the proton-to-electron mass ratio).
As the universe expanded, it also cooled. Eventually, the universe cooled to the point that the radiation field could not immediately ionize neutral hydrogen, and atoms became energetically favored. [3] The fraction of free electrons and protons as compared to neutral hydrogen decreased to a few parts in 10 000.
The observable universe contains as many as an estimated 2 trillion galaxies [95] [96] [97] and, overall, as many as an estimated 10 24 stars [98] [99] – more stars (and earth-like planets) than all the grains of beach sand on planet Earth; [100] [101] [102] but less than the total number of atoms estimated in the universe as 10 82; [103] and ...
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The proton–proton chain occurs around 9.2 × 10 37 times each second in the core, converting about 3.7 × 10 38 protons into alpha particles (helium nuclei) every second (out of a total of ~8.9 × 10 56 free protons in the Sun), or about 6.2 × 10 11 kg/s.