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Value theory is the study of values.Also called axiology, it examines the nature, sources, and types of values.It is a branch of philosophy and an interdisciplinary field closely associated with social sciences like economics, sociology, anthropology, and psychology.
Critical realists assert that "much of reality exists and operates independently of our awareness or knowledge of it", including social reality. Epistemic relativism. Our knowledge of reality is limited and fallible. Judgmental rationality. It is possible to judge that some accounts of social reality are better than others. Cautious ethical ...
Philosophical realism—usually not treated as a position of its own but as a stance towards other subject matters—is the view that a certain kind of thing (ranging widely from abstract objects like numbers to moral statements to the physical world itself) has mind-independent existence, i.e. that it exists even in the absence of any mind perceiving it or that its existence is not just a ...
Social axioms are a guide as to what it is "possible" to do. [4] Leung and Bond (2008) provide a formal definition of social axioms: "Social axioms are generalized beliefs about people, social groups, social institutions, the physical environment, or the spiritual world as well as about categories of events and phenomena in the social world.
Moral objectivism is the view that what is right or wrong does not depend on what anyone thinks is right or wrong, [21] but rather on how it affects people's well-being. . Moral objectivism allows for moral codes to be compared to each other through a set of universal f
Social constructionism is a term used in sociology, social ontology, and communication theory.The term can serve somewhat different functions in each field; however, the foundation of this theoretical framework suggests various facets of social reality—such as concepts, beliefs, norms, and values—are formed through continuous interactions and negotiations among society's members, rather ...
The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge (1966), by Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann, proposes that social groups and individual persons who interact with each other, within a system of social classes, over time create concepts (mental representations) of the actions of each other, and that people become habituated to those concepts, and thus assume ...
In international relations (IR), constructivism is a social theory that asserts that significant aspects of international relations are shaped by ideational factors [1] [2] [3] - i.e. the mental process of forming ideas. The most important ideational factors are those that are collectively held; these collectively held beliefs construct the ...