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Calcium is a common constituent of multivitamin dietary supplements, [8] but the composition of calcium complexes in supplements may affect its bioavailability which varies by solubility of the salt involved: calcium citrate, malate, and lactate are highly bioavailable, while the oxalate is less.
Calcium lactate is a less concentrated forms of calcium than calcium carbonate. [41] Calcium lactate contains 13% elemental calcium. It is often used as a food additive to enhance the calcium content of foods, replace other salts, or increase the overall pH (that is, decrease the acidity) of the food.
The plasma total calcium concentration is in the range of 2.2–2.6 mmol/L (9–10.5 mg/dL), and the normal ionized calcium is 1.3–1.5 mmol/L (4.5–5.6 mg/dL). [4] The amount of total calcium in the blood varies with the level of plasma albumin, the most abundant protein in plasma, and therefore the main carrier of protein-bound calcium in the blood.
L-type calcium channel blockers selectively inhibit these action potentials in smooth muscle which leads to dilation of blood vessels; this in turn corrects hypertension. [10] T-type calcium channel blockers are used to treat epilepsy. Increased calcium conductance in the neurons leads to increased depolarization and excitability.
10% calcium gluconate solution (given intravenously) is the form of calcium most widely used in the treatment of low blood calcium.This form of calcium is not as well absorbed as calcium lactate, [12] and it only contains 0.93% (93 mg/dL) calcium ion (defined by 1 g weight solute in 100 mL of solution to make 1% solution w/v).
Calcium smectite has significantly less swelling capacity than sodium smectite but is also less prone to shrinking when desiccated. [ 3 ] The degree of hydration of the cations and their corresponding hydrated radii explain the swelling or the shrinking behaviour of phyllosilicates.
Calcium deposits, primarily composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3), react with weak acids to form calcium salts that are soluble in water. The general reaction can be represented as follows: CaCO 3 + 2H + → Ca 2+ + CO 2 + H 2 O. Here, H + represents the hydrogen ions provided by the acid
Calcium formate is shown to be more readily absorbed form of calcium than calcium carbonate and calcium citrate. [7] No optic nerve damage has been observed with calcium formate supplementation – along with formaldehyde , formate is a major metabolic product of methanol , which can cause blindness upon ingestion.