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Exotic animals frequently require anesthesia for simple procedures (such as taking a radiograph or catheter placement) due to lack of domesticity. [4] Animals may require anesthesia for therapeutic procedures, such as urinary catheterization to relieve obstruction, injection into a mass, or removing fluid from the eye to treat glaucoma. [4]
An inhalational anesthetic is a chemical compound possessing general anesthetic properties that is delivered via inhalation. They are administered through a face mask, laryngeal mask airway or tracheal tube connected to an anesthetic vaporiser and an anesthetic delivery system .
The formation of water by the reaction and the moisture from the respiration also act as a solvent for the reaction. Reactions in aqueous phase are generally faster than between a dry gas and a dry solid. Soda lime is commonly used in closed-circuit diving rebreathers and in the anesthesia breathing circuit in anesthesia systems. [8] [9]
Carbon dioxide (CO 2) is an abundant gas produced as the final product of glucose metabolism in animals.CO 2 anesthesia is most frequently used for anesthetizing flies. [2] But it has also been considered as a fast acting anesthetic in small laboratory animals.
An anaesthetic machine (British English) or anesthesia machine (American English) is a medical device used to generate and mix a fresh gas flow of medical gases and inhalational anaesthetic agents for the purpose of inducing and maintaining anaesthesia.
Sevoflurane is an inhaled anesthetic that is often used to induce and maintain anesthesia in children for surgery. [17] During the process of awakening from the medication, it has been associated with a high incidence (>30%) of agitation and delirium in preschool children undergoing minor noninvasive surgery. [ 17 ]
Alfaxalone is used as an induction agent, an injectable anesthetic, and a sedative in animals. [5] While it is commonly used in cats and dogs, it has also been successfully used in rabbits, [6] horses, sheep, pigs, and exotics such as red-eared turtles, axolotl, green iguanas, marmosets, [7] and koi fish. [8]
To determine the depth of anesthesia, the anesthetist relies on a series of physical signs of the patient. In 1847, John Snow (1813–1858) [1] and Francis Plomley [2] attempted to describe various stages of general anesthesia, but Guedel in 1937 described a detailed system which was generally accepted. [3] [4] [5]