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In plants, a secondary cell wall is a thicker additional layer of cellulose which increases wall rigidity. Additional layers may be formed by lignin in xylem cell walls, or suberin in cork cell walls. These compounds are rigid and waterproof, making the secondary wall stiff. Both wood and bark cells of trees have secondary walls.
Yeast cells are normally protected by a thick cell wall which makes extraction of cellular proteins difficult. [ citation needed ] Enzymatic digestion of the cell wall with zymolyase, creating spheroplasts, renders the cells vulnerable to easy lysis with detergents or rapid osmolar pressure changes.
The volume and geometry of the cell affects the value of turgor pressure and how it can affect the cell wall's plasticity. Studies have shown that smaller cells experience a stronger elastic change when compared to larger cells. [3] Turgor pressure also plays a key role in plant cell growth when the cell wall undergoes irreversible expansion ...
Experiments done with mechanical stress assays have shown that α-expansins do not weaken the cell wall, yet they have been shown to induce "creep" in cell walls. Additionally, α-expansins have been found to mediate acid-induced wall extension. [3] Opposed to α-expansins, β-expansins drastically reduce the tensile strength of cell walls. [3 ...
Although L-forms can develop from Gram-positive as well as from Gram-negative bacteria, in a Gram stain test, the L-forms always colour Gram-negative, due to the lack of a cell wall. The cell wall is important for cell division, which, in most bacteria, occurs by binary fission. This process usually requires a cell wall and components of the ...
Unlike animal cells, almost every plant cell is surrounded by a polysaccharide cell wall. Neighbouring plant cells are therefore separated by a pair of cell walls and the intervening middle lamella, forming an extracellular domain known as the apoplast. Although cell walls are permeable to small soluble proteins and other solutes, plasmodesmata ...
The cell envelopes of the bacterial class of mollicutes do not have a cell wall. [5] The main pathogenic bacteria in this class are mycoplasma and ureaplasma. [5] L-form bacteria are strains bacteria that lack cell walls derived from bacteria that normally possess cell walls. [6]
They can either be loosely attached to the cell wall or excreted into the environment. [8] [9] Many microalgae, especially a variety of red algae and cyanobacteria, are producers of structurally diverse exopolysaccharides. Additionally, exopolysaccharides are involved in cell-to-cell interactions, adhesion, and biofilm formation. [10] [11]