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Fingering chart from Museum musicum theoreticalo practicum, 1732. Composers initially favored the chalumeau, but the clarinet soon overtook it in repertoire and ubiquity. Estienne Roger in Amsterdam published a set of duets for two chalumeaux in 1706 (prior to the first duets for clarinet).
Chalumeau fingering chart, Museum Musicum Theoretico-Practicum page 31. Items portrayed in this file depicts. Joseph Friedrich Bernhard Caspar Majer. chalumeau.
The grand chalumeau is open, so it always sounds. The petit chalumeau is closed, like the Northumbrian smallpipes, so it sounds only when a hole is opened or a key is pressed. The fingering system on both chalumeaux is "closed", meaning that (except while playing some ornaments) only one hole at a time is opened.
The low (chalumeau) register of the clarinet spans a twelfth (an octave plus a perfect fifth) before overblowing, so the clarinet needs keys/holes to produce all nineteen notes in this range. This involves more keywork than on instruments that "overblow" at the octave— oboes , flutes, bassoons , and saxophones need only twelve notes before ...
Museum Musicum Theoretico-Practicum, by Joseph Friedrich Bernhard Caspar Majer. Title page. Joseph Friedrich Bernhard Caspar Majer (Schwäbisch Hall, 16 October 1689 - Schwäbisch Hall, 22 May 1768), was a German musician from the beginning of the 18th century, a "significant writer" on music in the late Baroque era.
Its wide cylindrical bore and its fingering suggest it was a chalumeau or clarinet in the bass range. [22] Four anonymous bass chalumeaux or clarinets apparently dating from the eighteenth century and having from one to six keys also appear to be among the earliest examples, and one in particular has been suggested to date from before 1750. [23]
Fingering charts can be found for example in this reference. [1] In the case of finger systems for the clarinet, which are based on the Oehler system, one speaks today mostly of the German system, and of finger systems that are based on the Boehm system (clarinet), of the French system.
Cross-fingering is any fingering, "requiring a closed hole or holes below an open one". [1]: 228 "Opening successive tone holes in woodwind instruments shortens the standing wave in the bore. However, the standing wave propagates past the first open hole, so its frequency can be affected by closing other tone holes further downstream.