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Reference ranges (reference intervals) for blood tests are sets of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results from blood samples. Reference ranges for blood tests are studied within the field of clinical chemistry (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry"), the ...
Clinical chemistry: an automated blood chemistry analyser. Clinical pathology is a medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the laboratory analysis of bodily fluids , such as blood , urine , and tissue homogenates or extracts using the tools of chemistry , microbiology , hematology , molecular pathology , and ...
1-2 × 10 −6: 1-2 × 10 −6: δ-Aminolevulinic acid: 1.5-2.3 × 10 −7: Ammonia nitrogen: 1-2 × 10 −6: 1.0-4.9 × 10 −7: cAMP: Intracellular signal transduction molecule male 5.6-10.9 × 10 −9: female 3.6-8.9 × 10 −9: Androstenedione: Steroid hormone: male >18 yrs 2-30 × 10 −10: female >18 yrs 8-30 × 10 −10: Androsterone ...
A1c is a weighted average of blood glucose levels during the life of the red blood cells (117 days for men and 106 days in women [18]). Therefore, glucose levels on days nearer to the test contribute substantially more to the level of A1c than the levels in days further from the test. [19]
A blood test is a laboratory analysis performed on a blood sample that is usually extracted from a vein in the arm using a hypodermic needle, or via fingerprick. Multiple tests for specific blood components, such as a glucose test or a cholesterol test , are often grouped together into one test panel called a blood panel or blood work .
Mercury (as methylmercury) in the body has a half-life of about 65 days. Lead in the blood has a half life of 28–36 days. [29] [30] Lead in bone has a biological half-life of about ten years. Cadmium in bone has a biological half-life of about 30 years. Plutonium in bone has a biological half-life of about 100 years.
The reticulocyte index (RI) should be between 0.5% and 2.5% for a healthy individual. [8] RI < 0.5% with anemia indicates maturation disorder, meaning loss of red blood cells, but also decreased production of reticulocytes (i.e., an inadequate response to correct the anemia) and therefore red blood cells. [2]
The average red blood cell contains 250 million hemoglobin molecules. [7] Hemoglobin contains a globin protein unit with four prosthetic heme groups (hence the name heme-o-globin); each heme is capable of reversibly binding with one gaseous molecule (oxygen, carbon monoxide, cyanide, etc.), [8] therefore a typical red blood cell may carry up to one billion gas molecules.