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Defenses of a given harbor were initially designated artillery districts, redesignated as coast defense commands in 1913 and as harbor defense commands in 1924. In 1901 the Artillery Corps was divided into field artillery and coast artillery units, and in 1907 the United States Army Coast Artillery Corps was created to operate these defenses. [2]
The United States military structure was reorganized with the National Security Act of 1947, which created the Department of Defense. The Department of War was renamed as the Department of the Army, and the Department of the Air Force was established. The three departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force were then placed under the Department ...
In 1947, with the passing of the National Security Act of 1947, the secretary of war was replaced by the secretary of the Army and the secretary of the Air Force, which, along with the secretary of the Navy, have since 1949 been non-Cabinet subordinates under the secretary of defense. The secretary of the Army's office is generally considered ...
Profits were made at the expense of Native Americans who were supposed to receive food and clothing from the government. [217] In late April 1876, Grant lashed out at Lieut. Col. George A. Custer , after Custer had testified at a Congressional committee one month before against Grant's brother Orville and Sec. Belknap.
The United States Constitution grants extensive national security powers to both Congress and the President of the United States. Article I grants Congress authority to "declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water." Congress is also empowered to "raise and support Armies," and "provide ...
William Seward served as Secretary of State from 1861 to 1869.. The history of U.S. foreign policy from 1861 to 1897 concerns the foreign policy of the United States during the presidential administrations of Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James A. Garfield, Chester A. Arthur, Grover Cleveland, and Benjamin Harrison.
After 9/11, the passage of the USA Patriot Act provoked debate about the alleged restriction of individual rights and freedoms for the sake of U.S. national security. The easing of warrant requirements for intelligence surveillance, under Title II of the Act, spurred the NSA warrantless surveillance controversy. [5]
In October 1871, under the Morrill Act, using federal marshals, Grant prosecuted hundreds of Utah Territory Mormon polygamists. [291] Grant called polygamy a "crime against decency and morality". [292] In 1874, Grant signed into law the Poland Act, which made Mormon polygamists subject to trial in District Courts and limited Mormons on juries ...