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Misinformation effect: Memory becoming less accurate because of interference from post-event information. [164] cf. continued influence effect, where misinformation about an event, despite later being corrected, continues to influence memory about the event. Modality effect
The misinformation effect is an example of retroactive interference which occurs when information presented later interferes with the ability to retain previously encoded information. Individuals have also been shown to be susceptible to incorporating misleading information into their memory when it is presented within a question. [ 5 ]
Regardless of the effect being true or false, the respondent is attempting to conform to the supplied information, because they assume it to be true. [6] Loftus's meta-analysis on language manipulation studies suggested the misinformation effect taking hold on the recall process and products of the human memory. Even the smallest adjustment in ...
The misinformation effect occurs when information is presented after the events in question have occurred which leads to memory errors in later retrieval. [61] Studies have suggested that witnesses may misattribute accuracy to misleading information because the sources of misleading information and witnessed information become confused. [ 61 ]
Elizabeth F. Loftus (born 1944) is an American psychologist who is best known in relation to the misinformation effect, false memory and criticism of recovered memory therapies. [ 1 ] Loftus's research includes the effects of phrasing on the perceptions of automobile crashes, the "lost in the mall" technique and the manipulation of food ...
Information bias is a cognitive bias to seek information when it does not affect action. An example of information bias is believing that the more information that can be acquired to make a decision, the better, even if that extra information is irrelevant for the decision.
Memory conformity and resulting misinformation can be either encountered socially (discourse between two or more people) or brought about by a non-social source. [2] One study found that if an individual was given false information during a post-event discussion, the accuracy of the individual's memory was lowered, but if the individual was given accurate information during the discussion ...
For example, if an internal memory contains a large amount of sensory information, it may be incorrectly recalled as externally retrieved. [12] However, older adults do not always exhibit source-monitoring errors, such as when encoded material are visually distinctive as is the case with pictures compared to words. [ 13 ]