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Tempo rubato (Italian for 'stolen time'; UK: / ˈ t ɛ m p oʊ r ʊ ˈ b ɑː t oʊ /, US: / r uː-/, [1] [2] Italian: [ˈtɛmpo ruˈbaːto];) is a musical term referring to expressive and rhythmic freedom by a slight speeding up and then slowing down of the tempo of a piece at the discretion of the soloist or the conductor.
It is also possible to indicate a more or less gradual change in tempo, for instance with an accelerando (speeding up) or ritardando (rit., slowing down) marking. Indeed, some compositions chiefly comprise accelerando passages, for instance Monti's Csárdás, or the Russian Civil War song Echelon Song. [citation needed]
An abbreviation for ritardando; [12] also an abbreviation for ritenuto [13] ritardando, ritard., rit. Slowing down; decelerating; opposite of accelerando ritenuto, riten., rit. Suddenly slower, held back (usually more so but more temporarily than a ritardando, and it may, unlike ritardando, apply to a single note); opposite of accelerato ...
Accelerando: accelerating: Accelerating Accompagnato: accompanied: The accompaniment must follow the singer who can speed up or slow down at will. Adagio: ad agio, at ease: Slow and easy (but not as slow as largo) Adagietto: a bit at ease: 1. Slightly less easy than adagio (so slightly faster); 2. a short adagio composition Affrettando ...
There are some sections that may be technically demanding to some pianists. Boury frequently used many tempo indications such as accelerando and ritardando in the first half of this movement which occur very frequently. It is tricky to follow those indications yet they help to create the direction of the musical lines and colors.
A notational innovation introduced in the final version of this piece is the graphical indication of tempo changes on a 13-line staff. A rising line indicates accelerando, a descending line represents ritardando, and the line vanishes altogether when there is a rest. This notation is more precise than the traditional indications.
If a rhythm is not structurally redundant, then even minor tempo deviations are not perceived as accelerando or ritardando but rather given an impression of a change in rhythm, which implies an inadequate perception of musical meaning. [43]
The pulse is often irregular, e.g., in accelerando, rallentando, or expressive musical phrasing such as rubato. [51] Even such highly rhythmical musical forms as samba, if performed in a culturally authentic style consistent with recordings by early practitioners, cannot be captured with the beats of a metronome.