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Bureaucracy (/ b j ʊəˈr ɒ k r ə s i /; bure-OK-rə-see) is a system of organization where decisions are made by a body of non-elected officials. [1] Historically, a bureaucracy was a government administration managed by departments staffed with non-elected officials. [2]
The term bureaucrat derives from "bureaucracy", which in turn derives from the French "bureaucratie" first known from the 18th century. [1] Bureaucratic work had already been performed for many centuries. The term may also refer to managerial and directorial executives in the corporate sector. [citation needed]
The concept of street-level bureaucracy was first coined by Michael Lipsky in 1969, [2] who argued that "policy implementation in the end comes down to the people [(the street-level bureaucrats)] who actually implement it".
The author, in 2015. Graeber describes the contemporary era as the "age of total bureaucratisation," in which public and private bureaucracies, now so intertwined as to be effectively indistinguishable, have become the main mechanisms for Wall Street profits, and describes how bureaucratization brings the threat of violence (through legal and police enforcement) into almost every aspect of ...
One of the main themes of his term in office was his opposition to government regulations because of what he saw as the way they stunted commerce. He coined the term bureaucratie (lit|government by desks}}) to describe the situation. [4] Gournay's disdain for government regulation of commerce influenced his disciple Turgot. [5]
La Bureaucratie Céleste, Recherches Sur L'économie Et La Société De La Chine Traditionnelle. (Paris: Gallimard, Bibliothèque Des Sciences Humaines, 1968). Revised translation of a collection of articles originally published as Chinese civilization and bureaucracy. Françoise Aubin, Balazs Etienne. Etudes Song. In Memoriam Etienne Balazs.
Painting of Emperor Basil II in triumphal garb, exemplifying the imperial crown and royal power handed down by Christ and the angels.. Throughout the fifth century, Hellenistic political systems, philosophies, and theocratic Christian-Eastern concepts had gained power in the Greek-speaking Eastern Mediterranean due to the intervention of important religious figures there such as Eusebius of ...
Hibou developed an idea of bureaucratie néolibérale (neoliberal bureaucracy) which consists of the systematic use of standards, rules, procedures, and norms that are derived primarily from the market or the world of business and have an impact on daily life. This mechanism enables the liberal market to formally impose itself on fields which ...