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The simplest aryl group is phenyl, which is made up of a benzene ring with one of its hydrogen atom replaced by some substituent, and has the molecular formula C 6 H 5 −. Note that a phenyl group is not the same as a benzyl group , the latter consisting of a phenyl group attached to a methyl group and a molecular formula of C 6 H 5 CH 2 − .
In organic chemistry, the phenyl group, or phenyl ring, is a cyclic group of atoms with the formula C6H5, and is often represented by the symbol Ph (archaically φ) or Ø. The phenyl group is closely related to benzene and can be viewed as a benzene ring, minus a hydrogen, which may be replaced by some other element or compound to serve as a ...
An electron donating group (EDG) or electron releasing group (ERG, Z in structural formulas) is an atom or functional group that donates some of its electron density into a conjugated π system via resonance (mesomerism) or inductive effects (or induction)—called +M or +I effects, respectively—thus making the π system more nucleophilic.
Hydroxyl groups ortho or para to the carbonyl group concentrate electron density at the aryl carbon bonded to the carbonyl carbon (10c, 11d). Phenyl groups have low migratory aptitude, but higher electron density at the migrating carbon increases migratory aptitude, facilitating [1,2]-aryl migration and allowing the reaction to continue.
It would involve the unaided loss of the leaving group and the formation of an aryl cation. [4] The nitro group is the most commonly encountered activating group, other groups are the cyano and the acyl group. [5] The leaving group can be a halogen or a sulfide. With increasing electronegativity the reaction rate for nucleophilic attack ...
Electron donating groups, for example amino, hydroxyl, alkyl, and phenyl groups tend to be ortho/para-directors, and electron withdrawing groups such as nitro, nitrile, and ketone groups, tend to be meta-directors.
Azo compounds are organic compounds bearing the functional group diazenyl (R−N=N−R′, in which R and R′ can be either aryl or alkyl groups).. IUPAC defines azo compounds as: "Derivatives of diazene (diimide), HN=NH, wherein both hydrogens are substituted by hydrocarbyl groups, e.g. PhN=NPh azobenzene or diphenyldiazene.", where Ph stands for phenyl group. [1]
The net result is the replacement of H by E in the aryl ring (3). Occasionally, other electrofuges (groups that can leave without their electron pair) beside H + will depart to reestablish aromaticity; these species include silyl groups (as SiR 3 +), the carboxy group (as CO 2 + H +), the iodo group (as I +), and tertiary alkyl groups like t ...