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Learn how sulfur moves between rocks, water and living systems in the sulfur cycle, a biogeochemical cycle that affects geology and life. Explore the steps, oxidation states, sources and sinks of sulfur, and its role in climate and pollution.
Learn about the pathways and processes of chemical substances and elements in the marine environment, including the hydrogen cycle. The hydrogen cycle involves the dissociation and recombination of water molecules by metabolic and abiotic processes.
Learn about the movement and transformation of chemical elements and compounds between living organisms, the atmosphere, and the Earth's crust. Explore the major biogeochemical cycles, such as the carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles, and how they are interconnected and regulated by biological, geological, and chemical processes.
Sulfur is a chemical element with atomic number 16 and symbol S. It is a yellow, nonmetallic, chalcogen with many allotropes and compounds. Learn about its physical and chemical properties, natural occurrence, history and applications.
Learn how sulfur is metabolized by all organisms, from bacteria and archaea to plants and animals. Explore the processes of sulfur oxidation, reduction, disproportionation, and assimilation, and their roles in energy production and biomolecule formation.
Chemical cycling is the repeated circulation of chemicals between different compounds, states and materials in space and on planets. Learn about the types, roles and mechanisms of chemical cycles on the Sun, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter and its moons, Saturn and its moons, Uranus and Neptune and their moons.
Sulfur assimilation in microorganisms is regulated by a variety of environmental factors, including the availability of sulfur in the medium and the presence of other nutrients. The activity of key enzymes in the sulfur assimilation pathway is also regulated by feedback inhibition from downstream products, similar to the regulation seen in plants.
The Claus process is the most significant gas desulfurizing process, recovering elemental sulfur from gaseous hydrogen sulfide. It consists of a thermal step, where hydrogen sulfide is burned to form sulfur dioxide, and a catalytic step, where sulfur dioxide reacts with more hydrogen sulfide to form sulfur.