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Modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) is a theory that proposes a modification of Newton's second law to account for observed properties of galaxies.Its primary motivation is to explain galaxy rotation curves without invoking dark matter, and is one of the most well-known theories of this class.
Tensor–vector–scalar gravity (TeVeS), [1] developed by Jacob Bekenstein in 2004, is a relativistic generalization of Mordehai Milgrom's Modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) paradigm. [2] [3] The main features of TeVeS can be summarized as follows: As it is derived from the action principle, TeVeS respects conservation laws;
MOND successfully explains the Tully–Fisher observation that the luminosity of a galaxy should scale as the fourth power of the rotation speed. It also explains why the rotation discrepancy in dwarf galaxies is particularly large. There were several problems with MOND in the beginning. It did not include relativistic effects
Entropic gravity provides an underlying framework to explain Modified Newtonian Dynamics, or MOND, which holds that at a gravitational acceleration threshold of approximately 1.2 × 10 −10 m/s 2, gravitational strength begins to vary inversely linearly with distance from a mass rather than the normal inverse-square law of the distance.
Bi-scalar tensor vector gravity theory (BSTV) [1] is an extension of the tensor–vector–scalar gravity theory (). [2] TeVeS is a relativistic generalization of Mordehai Milgrom's Modified Newtonian Dynamics MOND paradigm proposed by Jacob Bekenstein. [3]
In 1983, he proposed modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) as an alternative to the dark matter and galaxy rotation curve problems, [4] [5] [6] although preliminary work and discussions on this subject started as early as 1981. [7]
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Physical cosmology is a branch of cosmology concerned with the study of cosmological models. A cosmological model, or simply cosmology, provides a description of the largest-scale structures and dynamics of the universe and allows study of fundamental questions about its origin, structure, evolution, and ultimate fate. [1]