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Cocaine use causes increased norepinephrine levels and the resulting sympathetic activation leads to vasospasm and hypertension, [19] both of which are risk factors to retinal blood vessel damage. Related retinal vasculature conditions include central retinal artery occlusion , [ 20 ] central retinal vein occlusion [ 21 ] and cilioretinal ...
Dilation and constriction of the pupil Pupillary response is a physiological response that varies the size of the pupil between 1.5 mm and 8 mm, [ 1 ] via the optic and oculomotor cranial nerve. A constriction response ( miosis ), [ 2 ] is the narrowing of the pupil, which may be caused by scleral buckles or drugs such as opiates / opioids or ...
A large protein molecule attaches to cocaine, which stimulates response from antibodies, which destroy the molecule. This also prevents the cocaine from crossing the blood–brain barrier, negating the euphoric high and rewarding effect of cocaine caused from stimulation of dopamine release in the mesolimbic reward pathway. The vaccine does not ...
Stimulant use disorder is a type of substance use disorder where the use of stimulants caused clinically significant impairment or distress. It is defined in the DSM-5 as "the continued use of amphetamine-type substances, cocaine, or other stimulants leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, from mild to severe". [1]
Cocaine dependence is a neurological disorder that is characterized by withdrawal symptoms upon cessation from cocaine use. [1] It also often coincides with cocaine addiction which is a biopsychosocial disorder characterized by persistent use of cocaine and/or crack despite substantial harm and adverse consequences.
All in all, however, when global cocaine seizures are subtracted from production estimates — and shifting market patterns and user habits are taken into account — the result is "significantly ...
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The effect of these structural changes on behavior is uncertain and studies have produced conflicting results. Two studies [ 18 ] [ 19 ] have shown that an increase in dendritic spine density due to cocaine exposure facilitates behavioral sensitization , while two other studies [ 20 ] [ 21 ] produce contradicting evidence.