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Declaration of Helsinki. The Declaration of Helsinki (DoH, Finnish: Helsingin julistus) is a set of ethical principles regarding human experimentation developed originally in 1964 for the medical community by the World Medical Association (WMA). [1] It is widely regarded as the cornerstone document on human research ethics. [1][2][3][4]
t. e. Medical ethics is an applied branch of ethics which analyzes the practice of clinical medicine and related scientific research. [ 1 ] Medical ethics is based on a set of values that professionals can refer to in the case of any confusion or conflict. These values include the respect for autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice ...
Psychosurgery. 1880s. Psychosurgery (also called neurosurgery for mental disorder) has a long history. During the 1960s and 1970s, it became the subject of increasing public concern and debate, culminating in the US with congressional hearings. Particularly controversial was the work of Harvard neurosurgeon Vernon Mark and psychiatrist Frank ...
The Declaration of Geneva was adopted by the General Assembly of the World Medical Association at Geneva in 1948, amended in 1968, 1983, 1994, editorially revised in 2005 and 2006 and amended in 2017. It is a declaration of a physician 's dedication to the humanitarian goals of medicine, a declaration that was especially important in view of ...
The Nuremberg Code (German: Nürnberger Kodex) is a set of ethical research principles for human experimentation created by the court in U.S. v Brandt, one of the Subsequent Nuremberg trials that were held after the Second World War. Though it was articulated as part of the court's verdict in the trial, the Code would later become significant ...
The International Code of Medical Ethics [1] was adopted by the General Assembly of the World Medical Association at London in 1949, and amended in 1968, 1983, and 2006. It is a code based on the Declaration of Geneva and the main goal is to establish the ethical principles of the physicians worldwide, based on his duties in general, to his patients and to his colleagues.
Research. Research ethics is a discipline within the study of applied ethics. Its scope ranges from general scientific integrity and misconduct to the treatment of human and animal subjects. The societal responsibilities that science and research have are not traditionally included and are less well defined. [1]
As a comprehensive global research program, it studies the disability and mortality that are directly caused by major diseases, injuries, and other risk factors. The general definition of "global burden of disease" is the "collective disease burden produced by all the diseases in the world." [21] [81] 1990: Organization