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2. Chip-scale atomic clock - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip-scale_atomic_clock

   A chip scale atomic clock (CSAC) is a compact, low-power atomic clock fabricated using techniques of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and incorporating a low-power semiconductor laser as the light source. The first CSAC physics package was demonstrated at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 2003, [1] based on an ...

3. Atomic clock - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_clock

   An atomic clock is based on a system of atoms which may be in one of two possible energy states. A group of atoms in one state is prepared, then subjected to microwave radiation. If the radiation is of the correct frequency, a number of atoms will transition to the other energy state.

4. Atmos clock - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmos_clock

   Atmos clock. Jaeger-LeCoultre's Atmos clock on display. Atmos is the brand name of a mechanical torsion pendulum clock manufactured by Jaeger-LeCoultre in Switzerland which does not need to be wound manually. It gets the energy it needs to run from temperature and atmospheric pressure changes in the environment, and can run for years without ...

5. Physics breakthrough brings nuclear clock closer to reality - AOL

   www.aol.com/news/physics-breakthrough-brings...

   In atomic clocks, an atom’s electrons are pinged with electromagnetic radiation at specific frequencies. Bursts of energy excite the electrons, pushing them into a higher orbit around the atom.

6. List of atomic clocks - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_atomic_clocks

   Department of Defense master clock. United States Naval Observatory. Washington, D.C. United States. 18 cesium atomic clocks and 4 hydrogen maser clocks. Cs, H. National Institute of Information and Communications Technology. Koganei, Japan [ 13 ] Optical lattice clock.

7. Caesium standard - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesium_standard

   A caesium atomic fountain used as part of an atomic clock. The caesium standard is a primary frequency standard in which the photon absorption by transitions between the two hyperfine ground states of caesium-133 atoms is used to control the output frequency. The first caesium clock was built by Louis Essen in 1955 at the National Physical ...