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These impacts fragment carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen nuclei present. The process results in the light elements beryllium, boron, and lithium in the cosmos at much greater abundances than they are found within solar atmospheres. The quantities of the light elements 1 H and 4 He produced by spallation are negligible relative to their primordial ...
Indeed, none of these primordial isotopes of the elements from beryllium to oxygen have yet been detected, although those of beryllium and boron may be able to be detected in the future. So far, the only stable nuclides known experimentally to have been made during Big Bang nucleosynthesis are protium, deuterium, helium-3, helium-4, and lithium-7.
As it turned out, spallation could not generate much deuterium, but the new studies of spallation showed that this process could generate lithium, beryllium and boron; indeed, isotopes of these elements are over-represented in cosmic ray nuclei, as compared with solar atmospheres (whereas hydrogen and helium are present in about primordial ...
Hydrogen: Helium: Lithium: Beryllium: Boron: Carbon: Nitrogen: Oxygen: ... Most other fusion reactions involving hydrogen and helium produce penetrating neutron ...
Namely, the most widely accepted models of the Big Bang suggest that three times as much primordial lithium, in particular lithium-7, should exist. [1] This contrasts with the observed abundance of isotopes of hydrogen (1 H and 2 H) and helium (3 He and 4 He) that are consistent with predictions. [2]
All period 2 elements completely obey the Madelung rule; in period 2, lithium and beryllium fill the 2s subshell, and boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, and neon fill the 2p subshell. The period shares this trait with periods 1 and 3, none of which contain transition elements or inner transition elements, which often vary from the rule.
An erbium-nickel alloy Er 3 Ni has an unusually high specific heat capacity at liquid-helium temperatures and is used in cryocoolers; a mixture of 65% Er 3 Co and 35% Er 0.9 Yb 0.1 Ni by volume improves the specific heat capacity even more. [49] [50] Erbium oxide has a pink color, and is sometimes used as a colorant for glass, cubic zirconia ...
[40] [46] Compounds of xenon bound to boron, hydrogen, bromine, iodine, beryllium, sulphur, titanium, copper, and silver have also been observed but only at low temperatures in noble gas matrices, or in supersonic noble gas jets. [40] Radon is more reactive than xenon, and forms chemical bonds more easily than xenon does.