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These impacts fragment carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen nuclei present. The process results in the light elements beryllium, boron, and lithium in the cosmos at much greater abundances than they are found within solar atmospheres. The quantities of the light elements 1 H and 4 He produced by spallation are negligible relative to their primordial ...
Indeed, none of these primordial isotopes of the elements from beryllium to oxygen have yet been detected, although those of beryllium and boron may be able to be detected in the future. So far, the only stable nuclides known experimentally to have been made during Big Bang nucleosynthesis are protium, deuterium, helium-3, helium-4, and lithium-7.
As it turned out, spallation could not generate much deuterium, but the new studies of spallation showed that this process could generate lithium, beryllium and boron; indeed, isotopes of these elements are over-represented in cosmic ray nuclei, as compared with solar atmospheres (whereas hydrogen and helium are present in about primordial ...
Hydrogen and helium together account for 98% of the mass of ordinary matter in the universe, while the other 2% makes up everything else. The Big Bang also produced small amounts of lithium, beryllium and perhaps boron. More lithium, beryllium and boron were produced later, in a natural nuclear reaction, cosmic ray spallation.
Hydrogen: Helium: Lithium: Beryllium: Boron: Carbon: Nitrogen: ... NASA has investigated the use of rocket propellant made from atomic hydrogen, boron or carbon that ...
Hydrogen: Helium: Lithium: Beryllium: Boron: Carbon: Nitrogen: ... where M is a carbon group or boron group element and Pn is any ... and has a smaller hydrogen ...
Of the 26 "monoisotopic" elements that have only a single stable isotope, all but one have an odd atomic number—the single exception being beryllium. In addition, no odd-numbered element has more than two stable isotopes, while every even-numbered element with stable isotopes, except for helium, beryllium, and carbon, has at least three.
Hydrogen: Helium: Lithium: Beryllium: Boron: Carbon: Nitrogen: Oxygen: ... Most other fusion reactions involving hydrogen and helium produce penetrating neutron ...