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Side effects at this dose can include acne, hair loss, facial hair growth and deeper voice in women, stomach upset, and high blood pressure, particularly if the supplement is used for a longer period of time. [11] There are many conditions in which DHEA use has special precautions and warnings.
Pre-workout supplements contain a variety of ingredients such as caffeine and creatine, differing by capsule or powder products. [2] [3] The first pre-workout product entered the market in 1982, and since then the category has grown in use. [4] Some pre-workout products contain ingredients linked to adverse effects. [2]
Pre-workout may contain vitamins, creatine and caffeine. Is it worth trying?
Nootropics (/ n oʊ. ə ˈ t r oʊ p ɪ k s / noh-ə-TROHP-iks or / n oʊ. ə ˈ t r ɒ p ɪ k s / noh-ə-TROP-iks), [1] colloquially brain supplements, smart drugs and cognitive enhancers, are natural, semisynthetic or synthetic compounds which purportedly improve cognitive functions, such as executive functions, attention or memory.
A number of fatalities have been caused by overdoses of readily available powdered caffeine supplements, for which the estimated lethal amount is less than a tablespoon. [13] The lethal dose is lower in individuals whose ability to metabolize caffeine is impaired due to genetics or chronic liver disease. [ 14 ]
The health effects of coffee include various possible health benefits and health risks. [ 1 ] A 2017 umbrella review of meta-analyses found that drinking coffee is generally safe within usual levels of intake and is more likely to improve health outcomes than to cause harm at doses of 3 or 4 cups of coffee daily.
The caffeine in these drinks either originates from the ingredients used or is an additive derived from the product of decaffeination or from chemical synthesis. Guarana, a prime ingredient of energy drinks, contains large amounts of caffeine with small amounts of theobromine and theophylline in a naturally occurring slow-release excipient .
Caffeic acid has a variety of potential pharmacological effects in in vitro studies and in animal models, and the inhibitory effect of caffeic acid on cancer cell proliferation by an oxidative mechanism in the human HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cell line has recently been established. [23] Caffeic acid is an antioxidant in vitro and also in vivo. [16]
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