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  2. Modular arithmetic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_arithmetic

    Adding 4 hours to 9 o'clock gives 1 o'clock, since 13 is congruent to 1 modulo 12. In mathematics, modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers "wrap around" when reaching a certain value, called the modulus. The modern approach to modular arithmetic was developed by Carl Friedrich Gauss in his book Disquisitiones ...

  3. Modulo - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulo

    Given two positive numbers a and n, a modulo n (often abbreviated as a mod n) is the remainder of the Euclidean division of a by n, where a is the dividend and n is the divisor. [ 1 ] For example, the expression "5 mod 2" evaluates to 1, because 5 divided by 2 has a quotient of 2 and a remainder of 1, while "9 mod 3" would evaluate to 0 ...

  4. GF (2) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GF(2)

    GF (2) (also denoted , Z/2Z or ) is the finite field with two elements. [1][a] GF (2) is the field with the smallest possible number of elements, and is unique if the additive identity and the multiplicative identity are denoted respectively 0 and 1, as usual. The elements of GF (2) may be identified with the two possible values of a bit and to ...

  5. Berkelium tetrafluoride - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelium_tetrafluoride

    Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Berkelium tetrafluoride is a binary inorganic compound of berkelium and fluorine with the chemical formula BkF4. [1]

  6. Unitary operator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_operator

    Definition 2. A unitary operator is a bounded linear operator U : H → H on a Hilbert space H for which the following hold: U is surjective, and. U preserves the inner product of the Hilbert space, H. In other words, for all vectors x and y in H we have: U x , U y H = x , y H . {\displaystyle \langle Ux,Uy\rangle _ {H}=\langle x,y\rangle _ {H}.}

  7. Module (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Module_(mathematics)

    Algebra -like. v. t. e. In mathematics, a module is a generalization of the notion of vector space in which the field of scalars is replaced by a ring. The concept of module also generalizes the notion of abelian group, since the abelian groups are exactly the modules over the ring of integers. Like a vector space, a module is an additive ...

  8. Two's complement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two's_complement

    Two's complement is the most common method of representing signed (positive, negative, and zero) integers on computers, [1] and more generally, fixed point binary values. Two's complement uses the binary digit with the greatest value as the sign to indicate whether the binary number is positive or negative; when the most significant bit is 1 the number is signed as negative and when the most ...

  9. Polestar CEO: Chinese tariffs aside, building Polestar 3 in ...

    www.aol.com/finance/polestar-ceo-chinese-tariffs...

    The move is a way, among other things, to avoid US tariffs on China-made EVs. Polestar, founded in 2017 and spun off from Volvo and parent company China’s Geely in a merger in 2022, will use ...