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Doppler cooling is a mechanism that can be used to trap and slow the motion of atoms to cool a substance. The term is sometimes used synonymously with laser cooling , though laser cooling includes other techniques.
Passing car horn. The Doppler effect (also Doppler shift) is the change in the frequency of a wave in relation to an observer who is moving relative to the source of the wave. [1][2][3] The Doppler effect is named after the physicist Christian Doppler, who described the phenomenon in 1842. A common example of Doppler shift is the change of ...
Resolved sideband cooling. Resolved sideband cooling is a laser cooling technique allowing cooling of tightly bound atoms and ions beyond the Doppler cooling limit, potentially to their motional ground state. Aside from the curiosity of having a particle at zero point energy, such preparation of a particle in a definite state with high ...
Most internal combustion engines are fluid cooled using either air (a gaseous fluid) or a liquid coolant run through a heat exchanger (radiator) cooled by air. Marine engines and some stationary engines have ready access to a large volume of water at a suitable temperature. The water may be used directly to cool the engine, but often has ...
Polarization gradient cooling (PG cooling) is a technique in laser cooling of atoms. It was proposed to explain the experimental observation of cooling below the doppler limit. [1] Shortly after the theory was introduced experiments were performed that verified the theoretical predictions. [2] While Doppler cooling allows atoms to be cooled to ...
Laser cooling. Simplified principle of Doppler laser cooling: 1. A stationary atom sees the laser neither red- nor blue-shifted and does not absorb the photon. 2. An atom moving away from the laser sees it red-shifted and does not absorb the photon. 31. An atom moving towards the laser sees it blue-shifted and absorbs the photon, slowing the atom.
Continuous-wave radar (CW radar) is a type of radar system where a known stable frequency continuous wave radio energy is transmitted and then received from any reflecting objects. [1] Individual objects can be detected using the Doppler effect, which causes the received signal to have a different frequency from the transmitted signal, allowing ...
Newton's law of cooling. In the study of heat transfer, Newton's law of cooling is a physical law which states that the rate of heat loss of a body is directly proportional to the difference in the temperatures between the body and its environment. The law is frequently qualified to include the condition that the temperature difference is small ...