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James II and VII (14 October 1633 O.S. – 16 September 1701) was King of England and Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII from the death of his elder brother, Charles II, on 6 February 1685, until he was deposed in the 1688 Glorious Revolution.
James II was the second surviving son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria. He was formally created duke of York in January 1644. During the English Civil Wars he lived at Oxford—from October 1642 until the city surrendered in June 1646.
James was made the Duke of York in 1643, and he returned to England. Ultimate victory in the Civil War went to the Parliamentarians led by Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) who ruled the new republic as Lord Protector. Supporting his father, James had been captured during the conflict at Oxford in 1646.
James, younger son of King Charles I of England, held the title of Duke of York. He was born on October 14, 1633 and, during the English civil war, was captured by forces opposed to the monarchy.
James reclaimed the title Duke of York. As Duke of York he was heavily involved in the slave trade, the British end of it being monopolised by the Royal African Company, of which he was head, and which the Stuart family set up when they retook the throne in 1660.
James II of England (also known as James VII of Scotland; October 14, 1633 – September 16, 1701) became King of England, King of Scots, and King of Ireland on February 6, 1685, and Duke of Normandy on December 31, 1660.
Born in 1633 and named after his grandfather James I, James II grew up in exile after the Civil War (he served in the armies of Louis XIV) and, after his brother's restoration, commanded the Royal Navy from 1660 to 1673.