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The blood-brain barrier and the blood-spinal cord barrier: Pericytes and astrocytes endfeet (Astrocytic endfeet envelop the abluminal surface of brain capillaries, accounting for 70% to nearly 100% of their total surface area). [34] The inner blood retinal barrier (iBRB) [35] Pericytes and endfeet of glial cells like astrocytes and Müller cells.
The brain parenchyma refers to the functional tissue in the brain that is made up of the two types of brain cell, neurons and glial cells. [7] It is also known to contain collagen proteins. [8] Damage or trauma to the brain parenchyma often results in a loss of cognitive ability or even death.
The pathway consists of a para-arterial influx mechanism for CSF driven primarily by arterial pulsation, [2] which "massages" the low-pressure CSF into the denser brain parenchyma, and the CSF flow is regulated during sleep by changes in parenchyma resistance due to expansion and contraction of the extracellular space.
The astrocytes of the glia limitans are responsible for separating the brain into two primary compartments. The first compartment is the immune-privileged brain and spinal cord parenchyma. This compartment contains multiple immunosuppressive cell surface proteins such as CD200 and CD95L and it allows for the release of anti-inflammatory factors.
An organ's tissues can be broadly categorized as parenchyma, the functional tissue, and stroma, the structural tissue with supportive, connective, or ancillary functions. For example, the gland's tissue that makes the hormones is the parenchyma, whereas the stroma includes the nerves that innervate the parenchyma, the blood vessels that ...
From a paper by Oscar Arias-Carrión, 2008 In an embryonic rat brain, GAD67-binding marker tends to concentrate in subventricular zone. An image from Popp et al., 2009. [1] The subventricular zone (SVZ) is a region situated on the outside wall of each lateral ventricle of the vertebrate brain. [2] It is present in both the embryonic and adult ...
Astrocytoma causes regional effects by compression, invasion, and destruction of brain parenchyma, arterial and venous hypoxia, competition for nutrients, release of metabolic end products (e.g., free radicals, altered electrolytes, neurotransmitters), and release and recruitment of cellular mediators (e.g., cytokines) that disrupt normal parenchymal function. [2]
Contusions are more commonly seen in the brain parenchyma near base of the skull such as inferior frontal lobes and temporal lobes as a result of Coup contrecoup injury. Those with parenchymal contusion would require frequent follow-up imaging because such contusions may grow large enough to become hemorrhage and exerts significant mass effect ...