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The study of Indonesian etymology and loan words reflects its historical and social context. Examples include the early Sanskrit borrowings, probably during the Srivijaya period, the borrowings from Arabic and Persian, especially during the time of the establishment of Islam, and words borrowed from Dutch during the colonial period.
Examples of English loanwords of Indonesian origin are those related to Indonesian culture and artforms (e.g. angklung, batik, kris and wayang), as well as words used to describe flora and fauna endemic to the Indonesian archipelago (e.g. babirusa, cockatoo, orangutan and Komodo).
The word masjid (mosque) in Indonesian derived from Arabic word masjid (مسجد). Many Arabic words were brought and spread by merchants from Arab Peninsula like Arabian, Persian, and from the western part of India, Gujarat where many Muslims lived. [106] As a result, many Indonesian words come from the Arabic language.
The words are either directly borrowed from India or through the intermediary of the Old Javanese language. In the classical language of Java, Old Javanese, the number of Sanskrit loanwords is far greater. The Old Javanese — English dictionary by Prof. P.J. Zoetmulder, S.J. (1982) contains no fewer than 25,500 entries. Almost half are ...
English loans are mostly related to trade, science and technology while Arabic loans are mostly religious as Arabic is the liturgical language of Islam, the religion of the majority of Malay speakers. However, many key words such as surga/syurga (heaven) and the word for "religion" itself (agama) have origins in Sanskrit.
This slang is a code mixing between Indonesian and English. It is named after South Jakarta. Some iconic English words used in this slang include which is, like, literally, sometimes, basically, and some Indonesian words + -ly exp (jujurly). Code mixing with English does not only occur in Jakarta, but also in other major cities in Indonesia. [57]
Words have been freely borrowed from English and only partly assimilated, in many cases, to the Indonesian patterns of structure. [47] By the late 1970s, English words began pouring into the language, leading one commentator, writing in 1977, to refer to the "trend towards Indo-Saxonization", [48] known in Indonesian as pengindosaksonan. Many ...
Among the top 100 words in the English language, which make up more than 50% of all written English, the average word has more than 15 senses, [134] which makes the odds against a correct translation about 15 to 1 if each sense maps to a different word in the target language. Most common English words have at least two senses, which produces 50 ...