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In such a device, retroreflection of the hole from an Andreev reflection process, resulting from an incident electron at energies less than the superconducting gap at one lead, occurs in the second spatially separated normal lead with the same charge transfer as in a normal Andreev reflection process to a Cooper pair in the superconductor. [2 ...
In type-1.5 superconductors these vortices have long-range attractive, short-range repulsive interaction. As a consequence a type-1.5 superconductor in a magnetic field can form a phase separation into domains with expelled magnetic field and clusters of quantum vortices which are bound together by attractive intervortex forces.
1.20 0.01 I yes [1] [2] [3] Bi: Element 5.3 × 10 −4: 5.2 × 10 −6: I no [note 1] [4] Cd: Element 0.52 0.0028 I yes [2] [3] Diamond:B: Element 11.4 4 II yes [5] [6] [7] Ga: Element 1.083 0.0058 I yes [2] [3] [8] Hf: Element 0.165 I yes [2] α-Hg: Element 4.15 0.04 I yes [2] [3] β-Hg: Element 3.95 0.04 I yes [2] [3] In: Element 3.4 0.03 I ...
Plot showing superconducting electron density versus depth in normal and superconducting layers with two coherence lengths, and .. Proximity effect or Holm–Meissner effect is a term used in the field of superconductivity to describe phenomena that occur when a superconductor (S) is placed in contact with a "normal" (N) non-superconductor.
[1] [2] It is an example of a macroscopic quantum phenomenon, where the effects of quantum mechanics are observable at ordinary, rather than atomic, scale. The Josephson effect has many practical applications because it exhibits a precise relationship between different physical measures, such as voltage and frequency, facilitating highly ...
The size of the critical current (which can be as large as 100 amperes in a 1-mm wire) depends on the nature and geometry of the specimen and is related to whether the magnetic field produced by the current exceeds the critical field at the surface of the superconductor.
In 1950, the theory of the two types of superconductors was further developed by Lev Landau and Vitaly Ginzburg in their paper on Ginzburg–Landau theory. [5] In their argument, a type-I superconductor had positive free energy of the superconductor-normal metal boundary. Ginzburg and Landau pointed out the possibility of type-II ...
This distance is usually greater than the average interelectron distance so that many Cooper pairs can occupy the same space. [5] Electrons have spin-1 ⁄ 2, so they are fermions, but the total spin of a Cooper pair is integer (0 or 1) so it is a composite boson. This means the wave functions are symmetric under particle interchange. Therefore ...