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The BER is the likelihood of a bit misinterpretation due to electrical noise ().Considering a bipolar NRZ transmission, we have = + for a "1" and () = + for a "0".Each of () and () has a period of .
As the description implies, is the signal energy associated with each user data bit; it is equal to the signal power divided by the user bit rate (not the channel symbol rate). If signal power is in watts and bit rate is in bits per second, E b {\displaystyle E_{b}} is in units of joules (watt-seconds).
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For example, some 16-bit CRC schemes swap the bytes of the check value. Omission of the high-order bit of the divisor polynomial: Since the high-order bit is always 1, and since an n-bit CRC must be defined by an (n + 1)-bit divisor which overflows an n-bit register, some writers assume that it is unnecessary to mention the divisor's high-order ...
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Proof. We need to prove that if you add a burst of length to a codeword (i.e. to a polynomial that is divisible by ()), then the result is not going to be a codeword (i.e. the corresponding polynomial is not divisible by ()).
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