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  2. PDF - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF

    A PDF file is organized using ASCII characters, except for certain elements that may have binary content. The file starts with a header containing a magic number (as a readable string) and the version of the format, for example %PDF-1.7. The format is a subset of a COS ("Carousel" Object Structure) format. [24]

  3. PDF/A - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF/A

    PDF is a standard for encoding documents in an "as printed" form that is portable between systems. However, the suitability of a PDF file for archival preservation depends on options chosen when the PDF is created: most notably, whether to embed the necessary fonts for rendering the document; whether to use encryption; and whether to preserve additional information from the original document ...

  4. List of file formats - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_formats

    EXIF – Exchangeable image file format (Exif) is a specification for the image format used by digital cameras GIF – CompuServe 's Graphics Interchange Format GIFV – Graphics Interchange Format Video, a format used for short, looping videos that combines the advantages of GIFs and videos, with better playback quality and lower file sizes [ 14 ]

  5. File format - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_format

    File formats often have a published specification describing the encoding method and enabling testing of program intended functionality. Not all formats have freely available specification documents, partly because some developers view their specification documents as trade secrets, and partly because other developers never author a formal specification document, letting precedent set by other ...

  6. 10 Hard Math Problems That Even the Smartest People in the ...

    www.aol.com/10-hard-math-problems-even-150000090...

    For example, x²-6 is a polynomial with integer coefficients, since 1 and -6 are integers. The roots of x²-6=0 are x=√6 and x=-√6, so that means √6 and -√6 are algebraic numbers.

  7. Computer number format - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_number_format

    The only difference is how the computer interprets them. If the computer stored four unsigned integers and then read them back from memory as a 64-bit real, it almost always would be a perfectly valid real number, though it would be junk data. Only a finite range of real numbers can be represented with a given number of bits.

  8. Discrete mathematics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics

    Currently, one of the most famous open problems in theoretical computer science is the P = NP problem, which involves the relationship between the complexity classes P and NP. The Clay Mathematics Institute has offered a $1 million USD prize for the first correct proof, along with prizes for six other mathematical problems. [18]

  9. List of types of numbers - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_types_of_numbers

    Positive numbers: Real numbers that are greater than zero. Negative numbers: Real numbers that are less than zero. Because zero itself has no sign, neither the positive numbers nor the negative numbers include zero. When zero is a possibility, the following terms are often used: Non-negative numbers: Real numbers that are greater than or equal ...