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Carnosine is naturally produced by the body in the liver [2] from beta-alanine and histidine. Like carnitine, carnosine is composed of the root word carn, meaning "flesh", alluding to its prevalence in meat. [3] There are no plant-based sources of carnosine. [4] Carnosine is readily available as a synthetic nutritional supplement.
L-Carnitine, acetyl-l-carnitine, and propionyl-l-carnitine are available in dietary supplement pills or powders, with a daily amount of 0.5 to 1 g considered to be safe. [ 1 ] [ 3 ] It is also a drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration to treat primary and certain secondary carnitine-deficiency syndromes secondary to inherited diseases .
Zinc L-carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidinato zinc [1]) (N-(3-aminopropionyl)-L-histidinato zinc [2]), often simply called zinc carnosine, and also known as polaprezinc, [3] is a mucosal protective [4] [5] chelate compound of zinc and L-carnosine invented by Hamari Chemicals, Ltd. [6] [7] It is a quadridentate 1:1 complex of a polymeric nature. [6]
Acetyl-L-carnitine, ALCAR or ALC, is an acetylated form of L-carnitine. It is naturally produced by the human body, and it is available as a dietary supplement. Acetylcarnitine is broken down in the blood by plasma esterases to carnitine which is used by the body to transport fatty acids into the mitochondria for breakdown and energy production.
This page was last edited on 27 September 2013, at 02:54 (UTC).; Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License; additional terms may apply.
Carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine), and its topical prodrug formulation N-acetylcarnosine (NAC), is advertised (especially on the internet) to treat a range of ophthalmic disorders associated with oxidative stress, including age-related and diabetic cataracts. No convincing animal studies or masked clinical trials have been reported.
Glycine propionyl-L-carnitine (GPLC) is a propionyl ester of carnitine that includes an additional glycine component. Due to tissues esterases enzymes, GPLC should act as a prodrug and lead to glycine, carnitine and propionic acid in the body.
It is a dimer, and hydrolyzes both carnosine and anserine, preferring dipeptides that have a histidine monomer in the C-terminus position. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] Tissue carnosinase is often considered a "nonspecific dipeptidase", [ 13 ] [ 15 ] based in part on its ability to hydrolyze a range of dipeptide substrates , including those belonging to ...
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