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Alcohol is also converted into phosphatidylethanol (PEth, an unnatural lipid metabolite) by phospholipase D2. This metabolite competes with PIP 2 agonist sites on lipid-gated ion channels. [28] [29] The result of these direct effects is a wave of further indirect effects involving a variety of other neurotransmitter and neuropeptide systems. [25]
Our body size, sex, muscle-to-fat ratio, how much water is in our system to dilute a drink, and certain genetic mutations all play key roles. So does the alcohol content of what we drink.
Alcohol flush reaction is a condition in which an individual's face or body experiences flushes (appears red) or blotches as a result of an accumulation of acetaldehyde, a metabolic byproduct of the catabolic metabolism of alcohol. It is best known as a condition that is experienced by people of Asian descent.
The third stage, the intestinal phase, begins in the duodenum. Here, the partially digested food is mixed with a number of enzymes produced by the pancreas. Digestion is helped by the chewing of food carried out by the muscles of mastication, the tongue, and the teeth, and also by the contractions of peristalsis, and segmentation.
Alcohol can cause nausea and vomiting in sufficiently high amounts (varying by person). Alcohol stimulates gastric juice production, even when food is not present, and as a result, its consumption stimulates acidic secretions normally intended to digest protein molecules. Consequently, the excess acidity may harm the inner lining of the stomach.
Following the U.S. surgeon general’s new advisory warning of alcohol’s link to multiple cancers, a Florida neurosurgeon and longevity doctor shares his thoughts on why people should stop drinking.
Alcohol can stay in your system for a multitude of hours, yet the exact time is dependent on factors such as weight, age, medications and health.
Some effects of alcohol intoxication, such as euphoria and lowered social inhibition, are central to alcohol's desirability. [21] As drinking increases, people become sleepy or fall into a stupor. At very high blood alcohol concentrations, for example above 0.3%, the respiratory system becomes depressed and the person may stop breathing. [22]