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  2. Additive white Gaussian noise - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive_white_Gaussian_noise

    The instantaneous response of the noise vector cannot be precisely predicted, however, its time-averaged response can be statistically predicted. As shown in the graph, we confidently predict that the noise phasor will reside about 38% of the time inside the 1 σ circle, about 86% of the time inside the 2 σ circle, and about 98% of the time ...

  3. In-phase and quadrature components - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-phase_and_quadrature...

    The term alternating current applies to a voltage vs. time function that is sinusoidal with a frequency f. When it is applied to a typical (linear time-invariant) circuit or device, it causes a current that is also sinusoidal. In general there is a constant phase difference φ between any two sinusoids. The input sinusoidal voltage is usually ...

  4. Phase vocoder - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_vocoder

    The STFT converts a time domain representation of sound into a time-frequency representation (the "analysis" phase), allowing modifications to the amplitudes or phases of specific frequency components of the sound, before resynthesis of the time-frequency domain representation into the time domain by the inverse STFT. The time evolution of the ...

  5. Time domain - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_domain

    In mathematics and signal processing, the time domain is a representation of a signal, function, or data set varies with time. [1] It is used for the analysis of mathematical functions, physical signals or time series of economic or environmental data. In the time domain, the independent variable is time, and the dependent variable is the value ...

  6. Phase noise - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_noise

    In signal processing, phase noise is the frequency-domain representation of random fluctuations in the phase of a waveform, corresponding to time-domain deviations from perfect periodicity . Generally speaking, radio-frequency engineers speak of the phase noise of an oscillator , whereas digital-system engineers work with the jitter of a clock.

  7. Bandwidth (signal processing) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)

    The noise equivalent bandwidth can be calculated in the frequency domain using () or in the time domain by exploiting the Parseval's theorem with the system impulse response (). If H ( f ) {\displaystyle H(f)} is a lowpass system with zero central frequency and the filter reference gain is referred to this frequency, then:

  8. Time–frequency analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time–frequency_analysis

    In signal processing, time–frequency analysis comprises those techniques that study a signal in both the time and frequency domains simultaneously, using various time–frequency representations. Rather than viewing a 1-dimensional signal (a function, real or complex-valued, whose domain is the real line) and some transform (another function ...

  9. Frequency domain - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_domain

    The inverse Fourier transform converts the frequency-domain function back to the time-domain function. A spectrum analyzer is a tool commonly used to visualize electronic signals in the frequency domain. A frequency-domain representation may describe either a static function or a particular time period of a dynamic function (signal or system).